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åˆ ç´„ ç·¨ 號 CE44 / 98
在 香 港 推 廣 æ°´ æ³ å¼
空 調 ç³» çµ± çš„ åˆ æ¥ é¡§ å• ç ” ç©¶
執 行 摘 è¦
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Agreement No. CE
44/98
Preliminary Phase
Consultancy Study on Wider Use of Water-cooled Air Conditioning
Systems in Hong Kong
Executive Summary
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介 紹
目 標 與 目 的
進 行 ç ” ç©¶ çš„ ç›® çš„ 如 下 :
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INTRODUCTION
Aims
& Objectives
The
objective of the study is as follows:
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本 ç ” ç©¶ æ—¨ 在 考 察 在 香 港 推 廣 æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± ( WACS ) , 使 之
用 æ–¼ éž ä½ å®… é … ç›® çš„ å¯ è¡Œ 性 。 ç ” ç©¶ å°‡ æ ä¾› å…… 分 çš„ ç¨ ç«‹ 調 查 çµ æžœ
å’Œ 推 è–¦ æ„ è¦‹ , 使 香 港 特 別 行 政 å€ æ”¿ 府 能 å¤ çœ‹ 到 æ•´ 個 地 å€ ä½¿ 用
æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± 在 å·¥ 程 〠環 境 å’Œ ç¶“ 濟 æ–¹ é¢ çš„ å¯ è¡Œ 性 , 能 å¤ é«”
ç¾ ç¶“ éŽ é©— 証 çš„ 世 界 技 è¡“ å’Œ 創 æ–° è¨ è¨ˆ çš„ å¯ ç”¨ 節 能 å·¥ 程 æ–¹ 案 , åŠ
ç ” ç©¶ å’Œ é … ç›® 實 æ–½ çš„ 主 é«” 階 段 所 採 用 çš„ ä¸ é•· 期 ç– ç•¥ 。
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To examine the feasibility of promoting water-cooled
air conditioning systems (WACS) for non-domestic development
in Hong Kong. Provide independent findings and recommendations
sufficient to enable the HKSAR Government to have insights
into the engineering, environmental and economic viability
of territory-wide WACS, the available energy efficient
engineering solutions demonstrating the proven world-wide
technologies and innovative designs, and the medium
and long term strategy to be adopted for the main phases
of the study and implementation of the project.
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ç ” ç©¶ çµ æžœ 摘 è¦
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Summary of Findings
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ç ” ç©¶ 表 明 æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± 是 技 è¡“ 上 å¯ è¡Œ çš„ , 並 且 有 一 些 æ°´ 冷
å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± æ–¹ 案 ç„¡ è«– 在 ç¶“ 濟 上 å’Œ 財 å‹™ 皆 是 å¯ è¡Œ çš„ 。
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The study has shown that WACS are technically feasible
and that there are a number of types of WACS schemes
that are economically and financially viable.
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ç ” ç©¶ 顯 示 , 採 用 æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± 有 益 æ–¼ 節 ç´„ 能 æº ï¼Œ å¯ ä½¿ 本 土
地 å€ ç¯„ åœ å…§ 減 å°‘ 溫 室 æ°£ é«” 排 放 ( GHG ) , 減 å°‘ 發 é›» ç«™ 所 用 çš„
進 å£ ç¤¦ 物 燃 æ–™ , 減 ç·© 發 é›» ç«™ çš„ 建 è¨ å’Œ é™ ä½Ž å° ç’° 境 çš„ å½± 響 。
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The study has demonstrated that there are benefits in
adopting WACS in terms of energy savings which territory-wide
can lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
(GHG), a reduction in imported fossil fuels for power
generation, deferred power station provision and reduced
environmental impacts.
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ç„¶ 而 , è¦ å¯¦ æ–½ æ›´ 廣 æ³› çš„ 採 用 æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± 也 有 一 些 é™ åˆ¶ çš„
æ¢ ä»¶ , 儘 管 這 ä¸ æ˜¯ ä¸ èƒ½ å…‹ æœ çš„ , å› æ¤ å»º è° ç‰¹ å€ æ”¿ 府 在 計 劃 進
一 æ¥ æ™‚ 需 é… åˆ å¦ å¤– 一 些 行 å‹• 。
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However, there are a number of constraints to the implementation
of the wider adoption of WACS and although not insurmountable,
further actions on the part of the HKSAR Government
are recommended in order to proceed.
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æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± çš„ 背 景
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Background to WACS
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在 香 港 ç›® å‰ çš„ 總 用 é›» é‡ ä¸ ï¼Œ 有 è¶… éŽ 60% 是 消 耗 在 商 æ¥ å»º 築 物
上 , 而 å…¶ ä¸ åˆ æœ‰ ç´„ 40% 消 耗 在 空 調 ç³» çµ± 上 ( å³ æ˜¯ 總 用 é›» é‡ çš„
25% å·¦ å³ ) 。
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More than 60% of the total electricity
currently used in Hong Kong is consumed in commercial
buildings, of this some 40% is taken up by the air conditioning
system (i.e. around 25% of the total electricity use).
 
 
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ç›® å‰ ï¼Œ 大 部 分 在 港 è£ æœ‰ 空 調 çš„ 建 築 物 皆 é… å‚™ 了 å°‡ 熱 é‡ å¾ž 建 築
å…§ 部 傳 é€ å‡º 來 , å† æ•£ 發 到 大 æ°£ ä¸ çš„ 空 調 ç³» çµ± 。 這 些 ç³» çµ± 通 常
被 稱 作 æ°£ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± ( AACS ) 。
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The present situation is that
the majority of the air-conditioned buildings in Hong
Kong are constructed with air-conditioning systems that
transfer the heat from the inside of the building and
dissipate it to the atmosphere. These systems are commonly
referred to as air-cooled air-conditioning systems (AACS).
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æ°£ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± 在 香 港 ä½” 主 å°Ž çš„ 地 ä½ ï¼Œ 很 大 程 度 上 æ¸ å› æ–¼ ç›®
å‰ æ°´ å‹™ ç½² å° ä½¿ 用 政 府 å–‰ 管 ä¾› æ°´ 用 æ–¼ 空 é–“ 舒 é© èª¿ 節 è¨ å‚™ çš„ è’¸ 發
å¼ å†· 郤 用 途 所 實 æ–½ çš„ é™ åˆ¶ 。 這 些 用 æ°´ é™ åˆ¶ 從 å… å å¹´ 代 é–‹ å§‹ 在
港 實 æ–½ , 是 ç”± æ–¼ 香 港 地 å€ æ°´ æº åŒ± ä¹ ï¼Œ 而 從 廣 æ± çœ æ ä¾› å¯ é å’Œ
æŒ çºŒ çš„ 食 æ°´ ä¾› 應 之 å‰ ï¼Œ 這 些 é™ åˆ¶ å·² 生 效 了 。
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The pre-dominance of AACS in
Hong Kong may be largely attributed to the current restrictions
imposed by the Water Supplies Department (WSD) on the
use of the mains water supplies in evaporative cooling
processes for comfort air-conditioning. These water
use restrictions were imposed during the 1960’s
as a consequence of the limited availability of water
resources within Hong Kong and prior to the implementation
of a reliable and continuous piped supply system of
raw water from Guangdong Province.
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æ¤ å¤– , 在 è¿‘ å¹¾ å¹´ ä¸ ï¼Œ 通 éŽ â€œ éž å¾ª ç’° †海 æ°´ ä¾› 應 去 消 æ•£ 建 築 物
空 調 ç³» çµ± 產 生 çš„ 熱 é‡ ï¼Œ å·² 被 接 å— ç‚º 一 個 節 能 çš„ 建 築 物 冷 å» ç³»
çµ± æ–¹ 案 , 特 別 是 採 用 æ–¼ é‚£ 些 é è¿‘ æµ· 岸 ç·š çš„ 建 築 物 上 。 這 å°± 促
進 了 一 定 數 é‡ çš„ å…¬ å…± å’Œ ç§ äºº æµ· æ°´ 引 å…¥ æ³µ 房 å’Œ æ°´ 管 ç³» çµ± çš„ 發 展
, 並 é 佈 æ•´ 個 地 å€ ï¼Œ ç›´ 接 為 大 åž‹ 建 築 物 空 調 冷 å» çš„ æ•£ 熱 è£ ç½®
ä¾› 應 æµ· æ°´ 。 ç¾ åœ¨ 有 大 ç´„ 一 百 個 這 樣 çš„ ç³» çµ± 為 政 府 建 築 物 , 醫
院 , ç¶œ åˆ æ€§ é–‹ 發 é … ç›® å’Œ 大 åž‹ 交 通 é … ç›® çš„ 空 調 ç³» çµ± æ•£ 熱 æ ä¾› æµ·
水 。
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Notwithstanding this, over recent
years the use of “once-through†seawater supply
for the dissipation of heat from building air-conditioning
systems has been accepted as an energy-efficient solution
to the cooling of some buildings in Hong Kong, particularly
those close to the seafront. This has developed into
a number of public and private sector seawater intakes
pumphouses and pipeline systems, being constructed throughout
the Territory for the direct supply of seawater for
the air-conditioning chiller installations of large
buildings. Today there are approx. one hundred once-through
systems serving government buildings, hospitals, mixed-use
developments and mass transportation developments -
providing seawater supplies for air-conditioning system
heat rejection.
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æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± çš„ 優 點 å’Œ 缺 點
æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± æ–¹ 案 çš„ 類 åž‹
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BENEFITS AND DISBENEFITS
OF WACS
Types of WACS Schemes
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作 為 ç ” ç©¶ çš„ 一 部 分 , 本 ç ” ç©¶ å° ä¸‰ 種 ä¸ åŒ é¡ž åž‹ çš„ æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³»
çµ± æ–¹ 案 進 行 了 è©• ä¼° , 這 三 個 是 所 有 æ–¹ 案 ä¸ æ¯” 較 å…· å¸ å¼• 力 , 且
有 æ½› 力 在 香 港 被 廣 æ³› 採 用 çš„ 。 集 ä¸ å¼ ç®¡ é“ ä¾› 應 冷 å‡ å™¨ 冷 å» æ°´
系 統 。
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Three different types of WACS schemes have been evaluated
as part of the study and found to be attractive and
having the potential for wider adoption in Hong Kong.
These are:
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集 ä¸ å¼ ç®¡ é“ ä¾› 應 冷 å‡ å™¨ 冷 å» æ°´ ç³» çµ± ( CPSSCC )
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Centralised Piped Supply System for Condenser Cooling
(CPSSCC)
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æ¤ é¡ž åž‹ ç³» çµ± 是 ç”± 一 個 æµ· æ°´ 引 å…¥ è£ ç½® å’Œ æ³µ æ°´ ç«™ 組 æˆ ï¼Œ 通 éŽ ç®¡ ç¶²
或 é… é€ ç’° è·¯ ( 見 圖 0201 ) å‘ å¹¾ 個 建 築 æ ä¾› 大 é‡ çš„ æµ· æ°´ 。 æµ· æ°´
被 æ³µ å…¥ æ¯ å€‹ 建 築 物 機 房 çš„ æ°´ 冷 å¼ å†· å‡ æ°´ 機 ä¸ ï¼Œ 用 æ–¼ 消 æ•£ 從 冷
å‡ æ°´ 機 組 排 出 çš„ 熱 é‡ ã€‚ 變 熱 後 çš„ æ°´ 通 éŽ å¦ ä¸€ 個 包 å« å¢ž 壓 管 ç¶²
å’Œ æµ· æ´‹ 排 æ°´ å£ çš„ ç¨ ç«‹ ç³» çµ± 排 放 到 æµ· æ´‹ ä¸ ã€‚ 排 出 çš„ 熱 æ°´ 也 å¯ å†
被 作 為 建 築 物 沖 洗 水 途 。
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This type of system consists of a seawater intake and
pumping station supplying a large quantity of seawater
to a number of buildings via a pipe network or distribution
loop (ref. Figure 0201). The seawater is pumped to the
water-cooled chillers located within each building plant
room and is used to dissipate heat rejected from the
chiller plant. The discharge of warmed water is returned
to the sea via a separate discharge system with pressurised
pipe network and sea outfall. The discharged warmed
water also has the potential to be reused for building
flushing water purposes.
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ç ” ç©¶ 表 明 , 與 AACS æ–¹ 案 相 比 , 使 用 CPSSCC æ–¹ 案 å¯ ä»¥ 節 ç´„ 12%
到 24% çš„ 能 é‡ ã€‚
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The study has evaluated that energy savings of between
12% to 24% can be achieved for CPSSCC schemes when compared
to AACS systems.
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集 ä¸ å¼ ç®¡ é“ ä¾› 應 冷 å» å¡” 用 æ°´ ç³» 途 ( CPSSCT )
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Centralised Piped Supply System for Cooling Towers (CPSSCT)
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æ¤ ç³» çµ± 與 CPSSCC ç³» çµ± 有 類 ä¼¼ çš„ 基 本 æ§‹ é€ è£ ç½® , ç„¶ 而 , 這 種 ç³»
çµ± 是 通 éŽ ç®¡ é“ ç¶² 絡 或 分 é… é€ ç’° è·¯ , å‘ å¹¾ 個 建 築 ä¾› 應 相 å° è¼ƒ å°‘
é‡ çš„ æµ· æ°´ 或 æ·¡ æ°´ ( 見 圖 0701 或 0801 ) 。 æµ· æ°´ 或 æ·¡ æ°´ 被 用 åš
冷 å» å¡” çš„ 補 給 æ°´ é€ å¾€ é‚£ 些 通 常 ä½ æ–¼ æ¯ ä¸€ 座 建 築 屋 é ‚ çš„ 冷 å» å¡”
。 這 種 冷 å» æ°´ 代 替 了 會 å› è’¸ 發 ã€ æµ å¤± å’Œ 飄 èµ° 而 失 去 çš„ 循 ç’° æ°´
æµ ã€‚ 從 冷 å» å¡” 產 生 çš„ æµ å¤± 或 廢 æ°´ 是 æ–· æ–· 續 續 排 放 出 來 çš„ , å¯
å³ å ´ 進 行 處 ç† å¾Œ , 排 å…¥ 附 è¿‘ çš„ 雨 æ°´ 管 é“ ã€‚ å¦ å¤– , 如 æžœ å…¬ å…± 污
æ°´ 管 有 è¶³ å¤ çš„ 富 餘 é‡ ï¼Œ 也 å¯ å°‡ å…¶ 排 å…¥ å…¬ å…± 污 æ°´ 管 é“ ã€‚ 為 了 é©—
è‰ æ¤ ç‰ æŽ’ 放 之 å¯ è¡Œ 性 , å°‡ 需 進 行 一 個 排 污 或 排 æ°´ å½± 響 è©• ä¼° 。
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The CPSSCT system is a similar infrastructure arrangement
to the CPSSCC system, however, this type of system involves
the supply of a much lower quantity of either seawater
or freshwater to a number of buildings via a pipe network
or distribution loop (ref. Figures 0701 and 0801). The
seawater or freshwater is supplied to each building
for use as “make-up†water for cooling towers normally
located on the roof of each building. This “make-upâ€
water replaces the circulating water flow that is lost
due to evaporation, ‘bleed-off’ and drift. The bleed-off
or waste water from the cooling towers is intermittently
discharged and can be treated on-site and discharged
to the nearby stormwater drainage system. Alternatively,
it may be discharged into public sewers if there is
adequate spare capacity. A Sewerage or Drainage Impact
Assessment is needed in order to examine its feasibility.
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ç ” ç©¶ 表 明 , 與 AACS æ–¹ 案 相 比 , 使 用 CPSSCT æ–¹ 案 å¯ ä»¥ 節 ç´„ 7%
到 17% çš„ 能 é‡ ã€‚
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The study has evaluated that energy savings of between
7% to 17% can be achieved for CPSSCT schemes when compared
to AACS systems.
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å€ åŸŸ 性 冷 å» æ–¹ 案 ( DCS )
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District Cooling Scheme (DCS)
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DCS ç³» çµ± ç”± 一 個 大 åž‹ ä¸ å¤® 冷 å‡ æ°´ 機 組 組 æˆ ï¼Œ 通 常 座 è½ åœ¨ è· å®ƒ
æœ å‹™ çš„ 地 å€ æˆ– 建 築 很 è¿‘ çš„ ä½ ç½® 。 ä¸ å¤® 冷 å‡ æ°´ 機 組 產 生 çš„ 冷 å‡
æ°´ 通 éŽ ä¸€ 個 é–‰ è·¯ 管 é“ åˆ† é€ åˆ° è‹¥ å¹² 建 築 物 。 冷 å‡ æ°´ 被 æ³µ é€ åˆ° æ¯
一 å¹¢ 建 築 物 , ä¾› 空 調 ç³» çµ± 使 用 , ç„¶ 後 è¿” 回 ä¸ å¤® 冷 å‡ æ°´ 機 組 央
進 行 å† ( 見 圖 1101 , 1601 å’Œ 1701 ) 。 æµ· æ°´ 能 被 用 作 æ°´ 冷 è£
ç½® çš„ “ éž å¾ª ç’° †熱 é‡ æŽ’ 除 , 以 åŠ / 或 DCS 冷 å» å¡” å…§ 部 çš„ 補 給
水 。
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The DCS system comprise a large central chiller plant
normally located within close proximity of the district
or buildings being served. The central chiller plant
produces chilled water for distribution to a number
of buildings via a closed loop pipe network. The chilled
water is pumped to individual buildings for use in the
building air conditioning system and then returned to
the central chiller plant for re-chilling (ref. Figures
1101, 1601 and 1701). Seawater can be used for either
“once through†heat rejection for water-cooled chillers
and/or freshwater for make-up water within the DCS cooling
tower.
 
 
 
 
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通 éŽ å° ï¼¤ ï¼£ ï¼³ ç³» çµ± åŠ å…¥ 熱 é‡ å„² å˜ ç‰ æŽª æ–½ , å¯ æŠŠ æ¯ ä¸€ 天 冷 å» éœ€
求 高 å³° 期 çš„ 冷 å» èƒ½ é‡ ï¼Œ 轉 ç§» 至 冷 å» è² è· æœ€ å° çš„ 晚 é–“ 。 這 樣 å¯
å°‡ WACS æ–¹ 案 è¨ è¨ˆ 進 一 æ¥ æ”¹ å–„ , 以 減 å°‘ 高 å³° 期 çš„ é›» 力 需 求 , 增
åŠ èƒ½ é‡ çš„ 效 率 , åŠ é™ ä½Ž æ¯ å¹´ 能 é‡ å’Œ 資 金 æˆ æœ¬ 。
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Further optimisation of the design of WACS schemes can
be achieved including reducing peak power demand, increasing
energy efficiency and lowering annual energy and capital
costs through measures such as adopting thermal storage
for DCS systems. The thermal store shifts the production
of cooling energy from the period of the day when the
cooling demand is high, to nighttime when the plant
has minimal imposed cooling load.
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ç ” ç©¶ 表 明 , 與 AACS æ–¹ 案 相 比 , 使 用 DCS æ–¹ 案 å¯ ä»¥ 節 ç´„ 23 至
32% çš„ 能 é‡ ã€‚
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The study has evaluated that energy savings of between
23% to 32% can be achieved for DCS schemes when compared
to AACS systems.
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æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± çš„ 優 點
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Benefits of WACS
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如 æžœ WACS æ–¹ 案 在 æ›´ 廣 æ³› çš„ 基 礎 上 å¾— 到 應 用 , å°‡ 會 有 三 個 主 è¦
çš„ å— ç›Š 者 , ä»– 們 是 : 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» ( 也 å°± 是 客 戶 ) å…¬ 眾 æœ å‹™ 商
。 æ¯ ä¸€ 個 WACS æ–¹ 案 çš„ 主 è¦ å„ª 點 總 çµ å¦‚ 下 :
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There are three main beneficiaries when considering
WACS schemes being adopted on a wider basis and these
are (i) the building owners (i.e. the customers) (ii)
the public and (iii) service providers. The following
summarises the main benefits of the WACS schemes for
each:
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å° æ–¼ 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» :
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To Building Owners:
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- 節 çœ èƒ½ æº ï¼š 採 用 CPSSCT 或
CPSSCC , 冷 å» è¨ å‚™ , 與 AACS 相 比 , å¯ ä»¥ 節 ç´„ æ¯ å¹´ çš„ 用 é›»
æˆ æœ¬ , 實 ç¾ è¼ƒ 低 çš„ 能 æº æ¶ˆ 耗 。 使 用 DCS æ–¹ 案 , 能 æº ç¯€ ç´„ 便
能 å æ˜ 在 æœ å‹™ 商 çš„ æ”¶ è²» 用 æž¶ æ§‹ ä¸ ã€‚
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- Energy Savings;
by adopting chiller plant operating under a CPSSCT
or CPSSCC scheme, savings in annual power costs can
be realised as a result of lower energy consumption
compared to AACS. By connecting to a DCS scheme the
energy savings are reflected in the charging structure
of the service provider.
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- 節 çœ ç©º é–“ : 大 多 數 WACS 空 調
è¨ å‚™ 比 AACS ç³» çµ± ä½” 用 æ›´ å°‘ çš„ 空 é–“ 。 æ–¼ 是 , 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» å°± å¯
以 å°‡ 節 çœ å‡º 來 çš„ 範 åœ ç”¨ æ–¼ 能 產 生 回 å ± çš„ ç›® çš„ 。 ( 說 明 : åª
有 在 空 é–“ 被 計 å…¥ 建 築 é¢ ç© å’Œ æ²’ 有 å…¶ 它 發 展 æ¢ ä»¶ çš„ é™ åˆ¶ 下 。
)
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- Space Saving;
most WACS air conditioning plant accommodate less
space than AACS systems. Therefore, building owners
have the potential to utilise these areas for revenue
generating purposes instead. (Note: Only if space
previously accountable for GFA and no other development
controls.)
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- 減 å°‘ é‹ ä½œ å’Œ ç¶ ä¿® : å° æ–¼ 建 築
物 æ¥ ä¸» 個 人 來 說 , é¸ æ“‡ CPSSCC å°‡ æ„ å‘³ è‘— 較 å°‘ çš„ é‹ ä½œ å’Œ ç¶ ä¿®
需 è¦ ã€‚ é¸ æ“‡ DCS , 則 大 部 分 æ“ ä½œ å’Œ ç¶ ä¿® 資 æº å°‡ ç”± å°ˆ é–€ çš„ æœ
務 商 承 擔 。
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- Reduced Operation
& Maintenance; with CPSSCC there will be a
reduced need for operational and maintenance resources
by individual building owners. With DCS most of the
operation and maintenance resources will be outsourced
to a dedicated service provider.
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- 增 åŠ å¯ é æ€§ : 多 個 集 ä¸ å¼ WACS
æ–¹ 案 一 èµ· 進 行 è¨ è¨ˆ , 能 享 å— åˆ° è¦ æ¨¡ ç¶“ 濟 çš„ 優 è¶Š 性 , 也 能 在
æ“ ä½œ å’Œ ç¶ ä¿® æ–¹ é¢ ï¼Œ 比 å–® ç¨ çš„ 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» 分 別 é‹ ä½œ ä»– 們 自 å·±
çš„ è¨ å‚™ æ›´ å…· 效 æžœ å’Œ æ›´ 有 效 率 。 集 ä¸ å¼ çš„ WACS è¨ å‚™ 都 有 å‚™ 用
發 é›» ç«™ 以 ä¿ è¨¼ 連 續 é‹ ä½œ , 並 å¯ åœ¨ æ–½ å·¥ 時 å°± å°‡ 多 個 ç³» çµ± / è¨
å‚™ çš„ é… é€ ç’° è·¯ 相 互 連 接 在 一 èµ· , 這 樣 å³ ä½¿ 有 一 個 出 ç¾ äº† å•
題 , å…¶ 它 çš„ 機 組 ä» å¯ æ ä¾› 冷 å» æ°´ 。
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- Increased Reliability;
centralised WACS schemes would be designed and optimised
taking advantage of economies of scale and would be
operated and maintained more effectively and efficiently
than individual building owners who operate their
own plant. The centralised WACS plant would be provided
with power plant back-up for continuous operation
and where multiple systems/plants are constructed
the distribution loops would be interconnected, such
that even if one plant were to experience problems
there would still be cooling water provided from the
other plants.
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- 減 å°‘ 投 å…¥ 資 金 : 使 用 集 ä¸ å¼
çš„ WACS æ–¹ 案 , 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» åª éœ€ 用 較 å°‘ çš„ 機 械 å’Œ è¨ å‚™ , å› è€Œ
å¿… è¦ çš„ åˆ å§‹ 資 金 å’Œ 後 續 所 需 çš„ 替 æ› åŠ å‡ ç´š 資 金 也 å°± 較 å°‘ 。
å° æ–¼ DCS æ–¹ 案 , 除 了 大 åž‹ 建 築 è¦ æ±‚ 有 å¹¾ 個 熱 能 交 æ› è¨ å‚™ 外
, 建 築 物 ä¸ ç„¡ 需 å–® ç¨ çš„ 冷 å» è¨ å‚™ , 資 本 å’Œ å† æŠ• å…¥ çš„ 資 金 便
會 減 少 得 更 多 。
|
- Reduced Capital
Investment; with a centralised WACS scheme, less
plant and equipment is required by the building owner,
therefore less initial capital investment is necessary
and investment for subsequent replacement and upgrading
of plant. For the DCS schemes, the reduction in capital
and recurrent investment is greater as there is no
requirement for any chiller plant within the individual
building except for possibly a few heat exchangers
for large buildings.
|
|
å° æ–¼ å…¬ 眾 :
|
To the Public:
|
- 減 å°‘ 能 æº çš„ 消 耗 : WACS ç³»
çµ± 使 用 較 å°‘ 能 æº åŽ» ä¾› 應 æ³ å» èƒ½ 力 。 這 能 æº ç¯€ ç´„ 在 å–® ç¨ è¨ æ–½
çš„ æ°´ å¹³ 上 轉 為 減 å°‘ é›» 力 çš„ 需 求 , 以 åŠ éš¨ 之 減 å°‘ çš„ 一 次 燃 æ–™
需 求 。 實 éš› çš„ 節 ç´„ æ°´ å¹³ å— ä»¥ 下 å› ç´ å½± 響 : ( i )AACS 與 相
é—œ WACS ç³» çµ± æ¯ å–® ä½ é¢ ç© èƒ½ æº æ¶ˆ 耗 çš„ å·® 別 ï¼› ( ii ) é æœŸ çš„
總 建 築 é¢ ç© ï¼› ( iii ) 建 築 é¢ ç© èˆ‡ æ¯ ç¨® 空 調 ç³» çµ± 類 åž‹ çš„ 比
例 。 å–® ä½ èƒ½ æº æ¶ˆ 耗 數 據 需 ç¶“ éŽ èƒ½ æº åˆ† æž æ±º 定 。 在 ç ” ç©¶ ä¸ ï¼Œ
æ ¹ 據 ä¸ åŒ å‡ è¨ çš„ å·¿ å ´ 需 求 去 採 用 一 組 建 築 é¢ ç© çš„ 數 據 。 在
é–‹ 發 出 çš„ å¹¾ 個 å·¿ å ´ 調 æ•´ æ–¹ 案 ä¸ ï¼Œ æ è¿° 了 AACS å’Œ WACS ç³» çµ±
二 å 多 å¹´ å…§ ä¸ åŒ æ™‚ 期 çš„ å·¿ å ´ ä½” 有 率 。 這 些 æ–¹ 案 表 明 ( å° æ–¼
é æœŸ çš„ 建 築 é¢ ç© ) , 到 2018 å¹´ çš„ 使 用 期 å…§ , 節 ç´„ 能 æº çš„ 範
åœ å¾ž 620 百 è¬ åº¦ ( å‡ å®š 到 2018 å¹´ , 有 空 調 çš„ 商 æ¥ å»º 築 ä» æœ‰
70% çš„ é¢ ç© ä½¿ 用 æ°£ 冷 空 調 ) ç›´ 至 實 éš› 上 é™ çš„ 1600 百 è¬ åº¦ (
å° æ‡‰ 有 50% 採 用 WACS , å…¶ ä¸ 20% 是 DCS) 。 這 些 節 ç´„ 出 來
çš„ 能 æº ç›¸ ç•¶ æ–¼ 在 相 åŒ æ¢ ä»¶ 下 使 用 AACS 所 消 耗 çš„ 商 æ¥ ç”¨ 空 調
能 é‡ çš„ 5% 到 10% 。 需 注 æ„ é€™ 是 最 終 用 途 é‡ çš„ 節 ç´„ ä¼° ç®— 值 。
在 發 é›» æ–¹ é¢ çš„ 節 ç´„ 程 度 é‚„ ç¨ é«˜ æ–¼ 最 終 用 途 é‡ çš„ 節 ç´„ , 這 是
ç”± æ–¼ 減 å°‘ 了 邊 éš› 輸 é›» çš„ æµ é‡ æ 失 å’Œ é… é›» æ 失 。
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- Energy Reductions;
WACS systems use less energy to provide a given amount
of cooling. These energy savings at the individual
facility level translate into reduced electricity
generation requirements, and hence reduced primary
fuel requirements. The actual level of savings would
depend on: (i) the difference between the energy consumption
per unit area of AACS and the relevant WACS systems;
(ii) the total floor area projected; and (iii) the
proportion of floor area given over to each type of
air conditioning system. The unit energy consumption
data were determined by energy analysis. A set of
floor area projections was adopted for the study as
described under market and demand assumptions. Several
market take-up scenarios describing various market
shares of AACS and WACS systems over twenty years
were developed. These scenarios show that (for the
gross floor area projections assumed ) the end-use
energy savings by 2018 range from 620 GWh (which assumes
that 70% of air conditioned commercial GFA remains
served by air-cooled systems in 2018) up to a practical
upper limit of 1,600 GWh (which corresponds to 50%
adoption of WACS of which comprises 20% of DCS). These
energy savings represent 5% to 10% of the commercial
air-conditioning energy use that would otherwise be
consumed by AACS. Note that these are end-use savings
estimates. The savings in electricity generation requirements
would be slightly higher than the end-use savings,
due to flow-on reductions in marginal transmission
and distribution losses.
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- ç’° 境 æ–¹ é¢ ï¼š ç”± æ–¼ 使 用 WACS å¯
以 減 å°‘ å° èƒ½ é‡ çš„ è¦ æ±‚ , 在 æ›´ 廣 æ³› çš„ 範 åœ å…§ 應 用 WACS å°± 能 減
å°‘ 香 港 å„ ç™¼ é›» ç«™ 冷 å» æ°´ çš„ 排 放 , 這 樣 å°± 有 機 會 減 å°‘ å« ç†± 污
æ°´ 排 放 å’Œ 處 ç† ç³» çµ± çš„ 化 å¸ ç‰© 質 之 有 é—œ å½± 響 。 æ¤ å¤– , 相 å° æ–¼
AACS 來 說 , WACS è¨ å‚™ çš„ 優 點 在 æ–¼ 一 個 人 å£ é«˜ 度 密 集 çš„ 城
å·¿ ç’° 境 ä¸ ï¼Œ 所 產 生 çš„ 噪 音 å½± 響 較 å°‘ 。 香 港 é›» 力 çš„ 一 部 分 是
來 自 æ ¸ é›» ç«™ , ä¸ æ•£ 發 溫 室 æ°£ é«” , 但 é‚„ 有 部 分 是 通 éŽ ç…¤ å’Œ 天
ç„¶ æ°£ é«” 發 出 çš„ é›» , 而 會 排 放 溫 室 æ°£ é«” 。 ç”± æ–¼ 部 分 ä¸ æœŸ åŠ é«˜
å³° 期 çš„ é›» 力 是 從 ç…¤ åŠ å¤© ç„¶ æ°£ é›» å» ç™¼ 出 çš„ , 實 æ–½ WACS 帶 來 çš„
節 能 效 æžœ å°‡ 減 å°‘ é›» 力 需 求 。 å› æ¤ ï¼Œ WACS çš„ 節 能 å¯ ä»¥ 減 å°‘ 溫
室 æ°£ é«” çš„ 排 放 。 排 出 çš„ 溫 室 æ°£ é«” 主 è¦ æˆ åˆ† 是 發 é›» 產 生 çš„ 二
æ°§ 化 碳 ( CO2 )- 發 é›» éŽ ç¨‹ å’Œ 使 用 冷 ç…¤ 所 產 生
çš„ å…¶ 它 æ°£ é«” 相 å° CO2 都 å¯ å¿½ ç•¥ ä¸ è¨ˆ 。 在 廣 æ³› 採 用 WACS æ¢ ä»¶
下 , 到 2018 å¹´ , 溫 室 æ°£ é«” çš„ æ¯ å¹´ 排 放 é‡ è¼ƒ 高 å’Œ 較 低 ä¼° 計 值
僅 分 別 為 è¶… éŽ 90 è¬ å™¸ CO2 ( å° æ‡‰ 上 æ–‡ 所 è¿° 1600 百 è¬ åº¦ çš„ 節
能 情 æ³ ) , 以 åŠ 34 è¬ å™¸ CO2 ( å° æ‡‰ 上 æ–‡ 所 è¿° 630 百 è¬ åº¦ çš„
節 能 情 æ³ ) 。
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- Environmental;
given the reduced energy requirements of WACS, the
wider use of WACS has the potential to reduce cooling
water discharges from Hong Kong's power stations,
thus reducing impacts associated with the discharge
of heated effluents and system treatment chemicals.
In addition, WACS plant have the advantage over AACS
in that they are less likely to cause adverse noise
impacts in a densely populated urban environment.
Some of Hong Kong's electricity is generated by nuclear
plants, which do not emit greenhouse gases and some
from coal and some from gas, each of which do emit
greenhouse gases. Energy savings from the implementation
of WACS would reduce electricity generation requirements
from plants that supply the daytime intermediate and
peak loads, which are coal and gas plants. Hence WACS
energy savings would reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The dominant greenhouse gas emitted is carbon dioxide
(CO2) from electricity generation - emissions
of other gases from electricity generation and from
use of refrigerants are negligible by comparison.
Upper and lower estimates of annual greenhouse gas
emissions by 2018 through the wider adoption of WACS
are about 900 kilotonnes of CO2 (which
corresponds to the 1 600 GWh of energy savings described
above) and about 340 kilotonnes of CO2
(which corresponds to the 620 GWh of energy savings
described above).
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- å»¶ é² ç™¼ é›» ç«™ çš„ 增 建 : 使 用 WACS
ç³» çµ± éŽ ç¨‹ ä¸ çš„ 能 é‡ ç¯€ ç´„ , 也 減 å°‘ 了 é›» 力 ç³» çµ± 在 高 å³° 時 çš„ è²
è· ï¼Œ 主 è¦ æ˜¯ é‚£ 些 å¤ å£ å•† æ¥ ç”¨ 空 調 çš„ 用 é›» é‡ ã€‚ 高 å³° 期 è² è· éœ€
求 çš„ 減 å°‘ å°Ž 致 了 å° ç™¼ é›» 能 力 è¦ æ±‚ çš„ é™ ä½Ž , 所 帶 來 çš„ 好 處 å°±
是 å»¶ é² å¢ž 建 發 é›» ç«™ 。 å° ä½¿ 用 期 å³° 值 è² è· æ¸› å°‘ é‡ çš„ ç°¡ å–® ä¼° ç®—
, 是 通 éŽ ç¯€ 能 計 ç®— å’Œ å‡ å®š æ¯ å¹´ 連 續 é‹ ä½œ 3800 å° æ™‚ å¾— 到 çš„ 。
到 2018 å¹´ , ä¼° 計 值 çš„ 變 化 是 從 160 å…† 瓦 ( å° æ‡‰ 上 æ–‡ 所 è¿° æ¯
å¹´ 1600 百 è¬ åº¦ 節 能 é‡ ) 至 實 éš› ä¸ çš„ 最 高 é™ å€¼ 432 å…† 瓦 ( å°
應 上 æ–‡ 所 è¿° 1600 百 è¬ åº¦ 節 能 é‡ ) 。 這 是 比 較 ä¿ å®ˆ çš„ ä¼° 計 值
, å› ç‚º æ¯ å¹´ çš„ 實 éš› 耗 é›» é‡ èˆ‡ è¨ æ–½ ç³» çµ± çš„ å³° 值 , 會 在 å¤ å¤© 較
高 而 在 冬 天 較 低 , 也 å› ç‚º 實 éš› ä¸ ç™¼ é›» çš„ 減 å°‘ é‡ æœƒ ç•¥ 高 æ–¼ 使
用 期 高 å³° 段 è² è· çš„ 減 å°‘ é‡ ï¼Œ å…¶ æ¸ å› æ–¼ 減 å°‘ 了 邊 éš› 輸 é›» 產 生
çš„ æµ é‡ æ 失 ã€ é… é›» æ 失 å’Œ 後 å‚™ 邊 éš› é‡ è¦ æ±‚ 。
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- Power Station
Deferment; The reduced energy consumption of WACS
systems throughout their hours of use, also brings
about reduced contribution to electricity system peak
loads, which are driven by summer day commercial air
conditioning use. Reduction of peak demand leads to
reduced need for generation capacity, the benefits
of which may be realised from deferment of power stations.
The simple estimates of end use peak load reduction
use the energy saving calculations and assume constant
operation throughout 3 800 hours of operation per
year. The estimates by 2018 range from 160 y saving
calculations and assume constant operation throughout
3 800 hours of operation per year. The estimates by
2018 range from 160 MW (corresponding to the scenario
with 620 GWh annual energy savings described above)
to the practical upper limit of 2 MW (which corresponds
to the 1 600 GWh energy saving figure above). These
are conservative estimates, because actual consumption
would be higher in summer and lower in winter, coinciding
with the utility system peak, and because the actual
reduced generation capacity requirement would be somewhat
higher than the end-use peak load reduction due to
reduction in marginal transmission and distribution
losses and reserve margin requirements.
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å° æ–¼ æœ å‹™ 商 :
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To Service Providers:
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- 商 æ¥ æ©Ÿ 會 : WACS 為 ç§ äºº åƒ
與 æ ä¾› 有 é—œ 冷 å» æ°´ çš„ æœ å‹™ 創 é€ äº† 機 會 。 æ¤ å•† 機 與 20 å¹´ ä¿ è¨¼
期 åŠ ä¸Š 與 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» ç°½ 定 çš„ åˆ åŒ ï¼Œ å¯ åˆº æ¿€ é•· 期 投 資 å‹• 機 。
é•· 期 åˆ åŒ ä½¿ æœ å‹™ 商 能 å¤ é•· é 地 è¦ åŠƒ å’Œ è¨ è¨ˆ 空 調 è² è· ï¼Œ 也 確
ä¿ äº† 一 定 çš„ 投 資 回 å ± 率 。
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- Business Opportunity;
WACS provides opportunities for private sector
participation in the provision of cooling water services.
The business opportunities associated with the securement
of 20-year plus contracts with building owners provides
incentives for long term investments. The long-term
contracts enable the service provider to plan and
design for air conditioning loads in the long-term
and ensure a rate of return on investment.
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- è¦ æ¨¡ ç¶“ 濟 : æœ å‹™ 商 能 å¤ å»º é€
高 效 率 çš„ 機 組 , 並 能 比 ç¨ ç«‹ 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» æ›´ 有 效 地 é‹ ä½œ 。 如
æžœ 一 套 機 組 çš„ è¦ æ¨¡ 很 大 , 它 也 許 有 資 æ ¼ å” å•† 一 個 æ›´ 有 å¸ å¼•
力 çš„ 大 é‡ ç”¨ é›» çš„ æ”¶ è²» 標 準 。 æœ å‹™ 商 也 有 機 會 利 用 技 è¡“ 使 æ–¹
案 æ›´ åŠ å®Œ å–„ 以 é™ ä½Ž æˆ æœ¬ , 例 如 熱 é‡ çš„ å˜ å„² 。
|
- Economies of
Scale; the service provider can build very efficient
plants and operate them more efficiently than can
individual building owners. If a plant is very large
it may qualify for bargaining a more attractive bulk
electricity tariff rate. There are also opportunities
for the service provider to reduce his costs using
technologies which can optimise a particular scheme
such as thermal storage.
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- 改 進 è· è¼‰ ç³» 數 : å°‡ 冷 å» æ°´ è¨
æ–½ 與 熱 é‡ å˜ å„² 接 åˆ ? 來 , 把 空 調 è² è· è½‰ ç§» 至 éž é«˜ å³° 段 ( 如
夜 間 ) 的 動 力 。 這 種 高 峰 期 動 力 需 求 的 減 少 改 善 了 發 電 站
çš„ è· è¼‰ ç³» 數 , 也 能 使 æœ å‹™ 商 通 éŽ å° æ”¶ è²» 標 準 çš„ 管 ç† ï¼Œ 使 用
æ›´ 便 宜 çš„ éž é«˜ å³° é›» 力 而 å¾— 到 好 處 。
|
- Improved Load
Factor; combining cooling water services with
thermal storage shifts air conditioning load to off-peak
(night time) power. This reduction in peak power demand
improves the power station load factor and also provides
benefit to the service provider in terms of cheaper
off-peak power through a tariff arrangement.
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- 客 戶 æœ å‹™ 機 會 : 一 個 冷 å» æ°´
æœ å‹™ 商 å— å§” 托 æ ä¾› 冷 å» æ°´ 時 , 如 æžœ 安 排 å¾— ç•¶ , 也 å¯ æ ä¾› å…¶
它 增 值 æœ å‹™ , 例 如 改 進 能 æº æ•ˆ 益 , 測 試 é‹ è¡Œ , é‹ ä½œ å’Œ ç¶ è·
, 以 åŠ é è· é›¢ çš„ 監 測 å’Œ 控 制 建 築 物 。
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- Customer Service
Opportunities; a cooling water service provider
entrusted to supply cooling water would be well positioned
to offer additional services such as energy efficiency
retrofits, commissioning, operation and maintenance,
and remote monitoring and control of building.
 
 
 
 
 
 
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WACS 的 缺 點
|
Disbenefits
of WACS
|
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å° æ–¼ 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸»
|
To Building Owners
|
- é•· 期 åˆ åŒ ï¼š é¡§
客 通 常 會 被 è¦ æ±‚ ç°½ ç½² 一 個 20 å¹´ çš„ åˆ åŒ ã€‚ 這 樣 有 些 æ¥ ä¸» å¯ èƒ½
ä¸ é¡˜ æ„ åƒ èˆ‡ 集 ä¸ å¼ WACS æ–¹ 案 。 å° DCS å’Œ CPSSCC æ–¹ 案 å°± æ›´
是 如 æ¤ ã€‚ å° æ–¼ CPSSCT æ–¹ 案 , ä¾› æ°´ 也 許 是 與 建 築 物 連 接 çš„ 一
é … 基 本 è¨ æ–½ 。
|
- Long Term Contracts;
the customer would typically be required to sign a
20-year contract. This may discourage some building
owners from participating in a centralised WACS scheme.
This may be more so for DCS and CPSSCC schemes. For
CPSSCT schemes the water supply may be an essential
utility connection to the building.
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- 冷 å» æ°´ ä¾› 應 商 çš„ å¯ é 度 : 建
築 物 æ¥ ä¸» 會 比 較 é—œ 心 æœ å‹™ ä¾› 應 å’Œ å…¶ 後 å‚™ è¨ æ–½ çš„ ç©© 妥 性 。 這
些 å• é¡Œ 需 è¦ åœ¨ ä»» 何 åˆ åŒ æˆ– å” è° æ¢ æ¬¾ ä¸ æ³¨ 明 , 例 如 ä¸ æŒ‰ åˆ ç´„
交 付 æœ å‹™ çš„ ç½° 則 , æš« åœ æœ å‹™ è¦ é å…ˆ 通 告 計 劃 , æ ä¾› 後 å‚™ è¨
æ–½ ç‰ ã€‚
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- Reliance of
Cooling Water Provider; building owners would
be concerned about the security of supply and back-up
facilities. These issues would need to be addressed
in the terms of any contract or Agreement e.g. penalties
for non-delivery, planned shutdowns, back-up services,
etc.
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- å·¿ å ´ 力 é‡ æœ‰ å¯ èƒ½ 被 æ¿« 用 : 如
æžœ æ²’ 有 æ° ç•¶ çš„ åˆ åŒ æˆ– ç– æ–¼ è¦ ç®¡ , DCS 或 CPSSCC ç³» çµ± çš„ ä¾› 應
商 有 å¯ èƒ½ 通 éŽ ç›´ 接 或 é–“ 接 çš„ 控 制 建 築 物 çš„ 空 調 è¨ æ–½ 來 å– å¾—
ä¸ åˆ ç† çš„ 高 é¡ åˆ© 潤 。
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- Potential for
Abuse of Market Power; without proper contracts
or regulatory oversight, DCS or CPSSCC system providers
might be able to earn unreasonable levels of profit
as they will have direct or indirect control of air-conditioning
services in the building.
|
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å° æ–¼ å…¬ 眾
|
To the Public
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- 基 礎 è¨ æ–½ çš„ 實 æ–½ :
在 WACS 基 礎 è¨ æ–½ 實 æ–½ éŽ ç¨‹ ä¸ æ‰€ 產 生 çš„ æ–½ å·¥ å½± 響 , 如 å°
空 æ°£ å’Œ 噪 音 污 染 , 產 生 ç° å¡µ å’Œ å½± 響 交 通 , ç”± æ¤ æœƒ 妨 礙 å…¬ 眾
, 引 èµ· å æ„Ÿ 。 在 ç¾ æœ‰ ç³» çµ± 改 é€ æˆ WACS çš„ éŽ ç¨‹ ä¸ ï¼Œ 也 å¯ èƒ½ å°
ç¾ æœ‰ 空 調 ç³» çµ± é€ æˆ å¦¨ 礙 。
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- Implementation
of Infrastructure; construction impacts during
the implementation of WACS infrastructure can cause
disruption and public nuisance through air and noise
pollution, dust and traffic impacts. There may also
be disruption to existing air conditioning systems
during any conversion to WACS.
|
- å¥ åº· å½± 響 : 在 冷 å» å¡” ä¸ ä½¿ 用
æ·¡ æ°´ 時 會 產 生 一 些 å…¬ 眾 é—œ 注 çš„ å¥ åº· å• é¡Œ 。 儘 管 ç›® å‰ æœ‰ é—œ æ–¼
冷 å» å¡” 使 用 å’Œ é 防 退 ä¼ è» äºº ç—… ç—‡ çš„ å·¥ 作 守 則 , 但 åŠ å¼· 冷 å»
å¡” çš„ ç¶ ä¿® å’Œ è¦ ç®¡ , 以 åŠ å° é€€ ä¼ è» äºº èŒ æ¸¬ 試 çš„ 法 è¦ å’Œ 控 制 ç³»
çµ± çš„ å¿… è¦ æ€§ 應 給 予 考 æ…® 。 å› æ¤ ï¼Œ 冷 å» å¡” 使 用 æµ· æ°´ 應 予 以 鼓
勵 。
|
- Health Impacts;
there are health concerns regarding the use of freshwater
in cooling towers. Although there is a current Code
of Practice concerning the use of cooling towers and
the prevention of Legionella the necessity of regulatory
and control systems for enforcing compliance for maintenance
and the monitoring of cooling towers and testing for
Legionella may need to be considered. Therefore the
use of seawater in cooling towers should be encouraged.
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- 土 地 çš„ æ 失 : 有 一 些 WACS æ–¹
案 需 è¦ ä¸€ æ•´ 塊 çš„ 土 地 或 ä½” 據 地 下 çš„ 空 é–“ , 這 會 是 一 種 空 é–“
å¯ æŒª 用 作 å…¶ 它 用 途 çš„ æ 失 。 å° æ–¼ 一 個 å–® ç¨ çš„ WACS é–‹ 發 é … ç›®
, 如 何 能 減 å°‘ 土 地 使 用 çš„ æ–¹ 法 å°‡ 在 後 æ–‡ ä¸ è¨Ž è«– 。
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- Loss of Land;
some of the WACS schemes could potentially require
substantial parcels of land or take up underground
space which may be considered as a loss of opportunity
space. Methods for minimising the use of land for
the sole development of WACS are discussed later.
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- å° æµ· æ´‹ ç’° 境 ä¸ æŽ’ 放 : æ£ å¦‚ 上
æ–‡ ä¸ æ 到 çš„ , 發 é›» ç«™ 冷 å» æ°´ çš„ 污 æ°´ 排 放 å’Œ ç³» çµ± 處 ç† åŒ– å¸ ç‰©
質 çš„ 有 é—œ çš„ 總 é‡ å’Œ å½± 響 有 æ½› 力 被 減 å°‘ 。 ç„¶ 而 , 在 æ›´ 多 WACS
é–‹ 發 æ–¹ 案 ä¸ æ¶‰ åŠ åˆ° 在 éž å¾ª ç’° 性 çš„ 使 用 æ°´ æº ï¼Œ 這 樣 也 å¯ èƒ½ 使
排 放 到 æµ· æ´‹ ç’° 境 ä¸ çš„ å« ç†± 污 æ°´ 質 以 åŠ ç³» çµ± 處 ç† çš„ 化 å¸ ç‰© 數
é‡ æœ‰ 一 定 çš„ 增 åŠ ã€‚
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- Discharge of
Effluents to Marine Environment; As mentioned
above, there is the potential to reduce the volume
and impacts associated with cooling water discharges
and system treatment chemicals from power stations.
However, it is likely that for some WACS development
scenarios involving the wider use of water on a once-through
basis there would be a net increase in the volume
of heated effluent and system treatment chemicals
being discharged to the marine environment.
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å° æ–¼ æœ å‹™ 商
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To Service Providers
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- é¾ å¤§ 資 金 çš„ 投 å…¥ : å° ä¸€ 些 WACS
æ–¹ 案 , 特 別 是 DCS æ–¹ 案 , 資 本 çš„ 投 å…¥ éž å¸¸ 高 , 並 且 為 é … ç›®
進 行 å¿… è¦ çš„ 資 金 籌 措 也 å 分 ä¸ æ˜“ 。
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- Large Initial
Capital Investment; for some of the WACS schemes,
particularly DCS schemes, the level of capital investment
would be very high and it may not be easy to arrange
the necessary finance for the project.
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- é¡§ 客 çš„ æ·· æ·† : æ½› 在 çš„ 客 戶 å¯
能 å° è¿… 速 æ“´ 展 çš„ WACS æ–¹ 案 çš„ 實 æ–½ 有 æ·· æ·† , å¦ å¤– 也 較 難 å€ åˆ†
客 戶 和 建 築 物 佔 用 人 。
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- Customer Confusion;
potential customer confusion with the more widespread
implementation of WACS schemes may exist and a clear
distinction may be difficult to make between customers
and occupiers of buildings.
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財 務 與 經 濟 評 佑
é¸ é … 分 æž
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Financial
and Economic Assessment
Options Analysis
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在 香 港 , 為 了 測 試 WACS ç³» çµ± çš„ å¯ è¡Œ 性 , 通 éŽ è²¡ å‹™ 分 æž è©• ä¼° 了
較 廣 é—Š 範 åœ å…§ çš„ å„ å€‹ æ–¹ é¢ ï¼Œ 以 確 定 ç³» çµ± çš„ 商 æ¥ ç”Ÿ å˜ èƒ½ 力 , 通
éŽ ç¶“ 濟 分 æž å¾ž æ•´ 個 社 會 çš„ è§’ 度 確 定 需 求 度 。 ç¶“ 濟 分 æž èˆ‡ 財 å‹™
è©• 價 çš„ ä¸ åŒ ä¹‹ 處 在 æ–¼ 它 è©• 價 é … ç›® å° æ–¼ æ•´ 個 社 會 而 言 çš„ æˆ æœ¬ å’Œ
æ”¶ 益 , 而 ä¸ æ˜¯ åª å° æ–¼ WACS æ–¹ 案 çš„ é‹ ä½œ å…¬ å¸ ã€‚ 例 如 , 在 財 å‹™ 分
æž ä¸ ï¼Œ 用 æ°´ æˆ æœ¬ 是 æ ¹ 據 æ°´ å‹™ ç½² ( WSD ) çš„ æ”¶ è²» 標 準 計 ç®— çš„ 。
ç„¶ 而 , 這 個 æ”¶ è²» 率 是 包 å« äº† 政 府 給 予 çš„ 許 多 補 è²¼ çš„ 。 å° æ–¼ ç¶“
濟 分 æž ï¼Œ 是 包 括 ä¾› æ°´ çš„ 實 éš› æˆ æœ¬ çš„ , 也 å°± 是 ä¸ è¨ˆ 政 府 補 è²¼ çš„
影 響 。
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In order to test the viability of WACS systems in Hong
Kong a wide range of options have been subjected to
financial analysis, to determine commercial viability,
and economic analysis and to determine desirability
from the perspective of society as a whole. The economic
analysis differs from the financial appraisal in that
it assesses costs and benefits to society at large rather
than to just the firms that would be operators of WACS
schemes. For example, in the financial analysis water
use is costed at the rate charged by Water Supplies
Department (WSD). However, this rate is heavily subsidised.
For the economic analysis, the true cost of water is
included, i.e. without the effects of Government’s subsidy.
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å…± 有 54 個 ç¨ ç«‹ çš„ WACS æ–¹ 案 å’Œ 3 個 以 AACS 為 基 礎 çš„ 實 例 接 å—
了 財 å‹™ å’Œ ç¶“ 濟 è©• ä¼° 。 在 下 表 ä¸ åˆ— 出 了 è©• 價 çµ æžœ çš„ 摘 è¦ ï¼Œ 表 明
與 以 AACS 為 基 礎 çš„ 實 例 比 較 å’Œ 節 ç´„ é‡ çš„ 情 æ³ ï¼š
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A total of 54 separate WACS scheme options and three
base case AACS options have been subject to financial
and economic appraisal. A summary of the results, showing
savings against the base case AACS options are summarised
in the following table:
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上 表 表 明 , 與 AACS 相 比 , WACS 在 經 濟 和
財 å‹™ æ–¹ é¢ æ˜¯ å…· 有 優 å‹¢ çš„ 。 基 本 çš„ WACS 技 è¡“ 在 財 å‹™ å’Œ ç¶“ 濟 上 ä¸
å…· å‚™ 優 å‹¢ çš„ æ–¹ é¢ æ˜¯ 在 建 築 物 å…§ 冷 å» å¡” çš„ 廢 æ°´ å† åˆ© 用 上 。 這 些
“ 未 æ·¨ 化 çš„ 生 æ´» 廢 æ°´ †的 é¸ æ“‡ æ–¹ 案 ä¸ æ²’ 有 一 個 是 比 AACS æ›´ 為
有 效 益 çš„ , 這 是 ç”± æ–¼ 與 é‹ è¡Œ 廢 æ°´ 處 ç† ç³» çµ± 相 é—œ çš„ 資 金 å’Œ 營 é‹
è²» 用 皆 ä¸ èƒ½ å¤ æŠµ 消 耗 æ°´ æ–¹ é¢ çš„ å°‘ é‡ ç¯€ 餘 。
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The table illustrates
those options that are economically and financially
viable when compared to AACS. The principal WACS technology
that appears to have no merit in financial or economic
terms is the reuse of waste water in cooling towers
of buildings. None of these “grey water†options are
more cost-effective than AACS as the capital and operating
costs associated with operating waste water treatment
systems do not offset the small savings in water consumption
that are realised.
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çµ è«–
ç”± æ¤ å¯ ä»¥ 看 出 , å° æ–¼ ä»» 何 è¦ æ¨¡ çš„ é … ç›® 來 說
, WACS ç³» çµ± 都 比 AACS ç³» çµ± æ›´ å…· 有 æˆ æ•ˆ 上 çš„ 優 å‹¢ , 儘 管 它 çš„
技 è¡“ 隨 è¦ æ¨¡ ä¸ åŒ è€Œ 變 化 。 為 了 è©• 價 çµ æžœ çš„ ç©© 定 性 , æ¤ ç ” ç©¶ 實
æ–½ 了 很 多 次 çš„ æ• æ„Ÿ 度 測 試 , 包 括 :
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Findings
It can therefore be
seen that at any scale of implementation, WACS systems
are likely to have cost advantages over AACS, although
the preferred technology does change with scale. In
order to assess the robustness of the results a wide
number of sensitivity tests have been undertaken. These
include:
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- 土 地 價 æ ¼ çš„ 變 化 , 以 å å½± ä¹ é¾ å’Œ 香
港 å³¶ 土 地 æˆ æœ¬ çš„ å·¿ å ´ 價 值 ï¼›
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- variations in the
price of land to reflect market values for Kowloon
and Hong Kong Island land costs;
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- å° ç¾ å˜ æ¨“ 宇 進 行 WACS æ–¹ 案 çš„ 改 é€ ï¼›
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- retrofitting of
WACS schemes into existing buildings;
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- 減 å°‘ 10% çš„ é›» è²» , 以 減 å°‘ 與 能 é‡ ç›¸ é—œ
çš„ æˆ æœ¬ 節 ç´„ ï¼›
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- reducing power
charges by 10%, so as to reduce the cost savings associated
with energy efficiency;
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- 增 åŠ 10% çš„ æ°´ è²» ï¼›
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- increasing water
charges by 10%;
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- 應 用 一 個 10% çš„ 商 æ¥ å¯¦ éš› 折 扣 率 , 以
åŠ
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- using a commercial
real discount rate of 10%; and
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- å°‡ é… é€ ç®¡ ç¶² çš„ é•· 度 å»¶ é•· 至 10 å…¬ 里 (
覆 è“‹ 25 å¹³ æ–¹ å…¬ 里 çš„ 地 å€ )
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- extending the length
of the distribution pipe network to 10km, (maximum
coverage area of 25km2)
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æ ¹ 據 ç¶“ 濟 å’Œ 財 å‹™ 分 æž ï¼Œ 除 了 CPSSCC å’Œ CPSSCT
æ–¹ 案 外 , 在 å»¶ é•· 管 ç¶² 至 10 å…¬ 里 çš„ 情 æ³ ä¸‹ WACS æ–¹ 案 在 所 有 實
æ–½ è¦ æ¨¡ 上 按 ç…§ æ• æ„Ÿ 度 測 é©— çš„ æ–¹ 案 都 是 å¯ è¡Œ çš„ 。
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Under both the economic
and financial analysis, WACS options remained viable
at all scales of implementation under the sensitivity
test scenarios, except for a few CPSSCC and CPSSCT options
with 10km pipe network.
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實 æ–½ å• é¡Œ åŠ é™ åˆ¶ :
å·¿ å ´ è©• 價 åŠ éœ€ 求 é æ¸¬
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IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
& CONSTRAINTS
Market
Assessment and Demand Forecast
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通 éŽ å‘ ä¸€ 些 ç›® å‰ æ£ åœ¨ 營 é‹ æ°´ 冷 å¼ ç©º 調 ç³» çµ± çš„ 主 è¦ åœ° 產 發 展 商
å’Œ 建 築 物 æ¥ ä¸» , 以 åŠ æœ¬ 港 çš„ å…© é–“ 大 åž‹ é›» 力 å…¬ å¸ é€² 行 å’¨ è©¢ , 來
明 確 æ 出 有 é—œ 在 香 港 實 æ–½ WACS çš„ é—œ éµ å• é¡Œ 。
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Consultations have been undertaken with a number of
leading property developers and building owners which
currently operate water cooled air conditioning systems,
as well as with the two major power companies in Hong
Kong, with a view to identifying the key issues associated
with implementation of WACS in Hong Kong.
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å¯ ä»¥ 確 定 , å° æ–¼ 在 香 港 介 ç´¹ å’Œ 推 廣 WACS 是 有 æ™® é 興 è¶£ çš„ , 但
也 有 一 些 é—œ 注 çš„ å• é¡Œ è¦ åœ¨ æ¤ æ 出 。 這 些 å• é¡Œ 包 括 政 府 與 ç§ äºº
機 æ§‹ 分 別 扮 æ¼” çš„ è§’ 色 , 財 å‹™ å¯ è¡Œ 性 , 與 æ•´ é«” ä¾› 應 有 é—œ çš„ ä¿ è¨¼
, 以 åŠ åœ¨ ç¾ æœ‰ 地 å€ ç¯„ åœ å…§ 實 æ–½ 地 å€ ç³» çµ± çš„ å¯ èƒ½ 性 。 如 æžœ 這 些
å• é¡Œ 有 滿 æ„ çš„ è§£ 決 æ–¹ 案 , é‚£ 麼 會 有 一 定 數 é‡ çš„ 被 å’¨ è©¢ 者 原 則
上 有 興 è¶£ 在 æŸ ä¸€ 地 å€ æˆ ç‚º 一 個 WACS ç³» çµ± çš„ 客 戶 或 營 é‹ å•† 。 å›
æ¤ ï¼Œ åª è¦ åˆ¶ 度 , 財 å‹™ å’Œ 實 æ–½ 上 çš„ å• é¡Œ 都 å¾— 到 了 è§£ 決 , å¯ ä»¥ èª
為 , å° æœ å‹™ çš„ æ ä¾› å’Œ 接 å— å…© æ–¹ é¢ éƒ½ 有 æ½› 在 çš„ 需 求 。
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It was identified that there was a general interest
in the introduction and extension of WACS in Hong Kong,
but that a number of key concerns need to be addressed.
These concerns include the respective roles of the Government
and the private sector, financial viability, guarantees
with regard to integrity of supply and the practicability
of implementing district wide systems within existing
urban areas. It was established that, subject to the
satisfactory resolution of such issues, a number of
the consultees would be interested in principle to become
either customers or operators of a WACS system in individual
districts. It is, therefore, considered that there is
potential demand both to provide and receive the service,
provided that institutional, financial and implementation
issues can be resolved.
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土 地 與 地 產
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Land and Property
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許 多 çš„ æ½› 在 å• é¡Œ å’Œ é™ åˆ¶ , å¾€ å¾€ 涉 åŠ åœŸ 地 å’Œ 地 產 æ–¹ é¢ ã€‚ 政 府 有
å¿… è¦ è€ƒ æ…® 如 何 為 最 終 çš„ WACS 營 é‹ å•† 在 基 礎 è¨ æ–½ çš„ 實 æ–½ æ–¹ é¢ å®‰
排 土 地 。
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A number of potential issues and constraints exist from
a land and property perspective. It will be necessary
for the Government to consider how it intends to allocate
land for the implementation of infrastructure to the
eventual operator of any district wide WACS scheme.
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在 實 æ–½ WACS 時 有 土 地 æ–¹ é¢ çš„ 需 求 , 但 å‡ è¨ WACS 在 “ 土 地 æ¢
? æ¢ ä¾‹ †或 土 地 政 ç– æ–¹ é¢ ä¸¦ ä¸ ä»£ 表 “ å…¬ å…± 用 途 †, 這 便 有 å¿…
è¦ æ˜Ž 確 如 何 能 ç² å¾— 這 些 土 地 。 這 也 æ„ å‘³ è‘— 需 考 æ…® 為 管 é“ å’Œ å…¶
ä»– 基 礎 è¨ æ–½ 所 發 出 çš„ 地 å½¹ 權 åŠ åŸ· ç…§ 權 çš„ 措 æ–½ 。
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In the event that any land acquisition is required in
order to implement the scheme it will be necessary to
establish how such acquisition is to be undertaken,
given that the introduction of WACS on a district basis
may not represent a "public purpose" in terms
of the Lands Resumption Ordinance or from the perspective
of land policy. The means via which easements and licenses
can be created for pipelines and other infrastructure
will also need to be considered.
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å…± åŒ é–‹ 發 WACS 基 礎 è¨ æ–½ å’Œ 商 æ¥ åœ° 產 çš„ 機 會 å°‡ 需 è¦ æ ¹ 據 土 地 政
ç– ï¼Œ 商 æ¥ å¯ è¡Œ 性 å’Œ 實 éš› çš„ 實 æ–½ å• é¡Œ ç‰ ä½œ 進 一 æ¥ èª¿ 查 。
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The opportunities for joint development of WACS infrastructure
and commercial property will need to be further investigated
in terms of land policy, commercial viability and practical
implementation issues.
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è©• 價 土 地 補 償 金 å’Œ 有 é—œ é“ è·¯ 通 行 è²» 用 çš„ 途 ç¶“ 也 需 è¦ å»º ç«‹ , ä¾
é æ‰€ 採 用 çš„ 制 度 框 æž¶ 來 促 進 WACS çš„ 實 æ–½ 。
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The approach to the assessment of land premium and fees
for easements and wayleaves will also need to be established,
depending upon the institutional framework that is adopted
to facilitate the implementation of WACS.
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制 度 å’Œ è¦ å‰‡
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Institutional and Regulatory
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WACS ç³» çµ± çš„ 引 進 或 會 為 ä½” 優 å‹¢ çš„ WACS ä¾› 應 商 æ ä¾› 機 會 , 通
éŽ å£Ÿ æ–· 地 ä½ ç² å¾— ä¸ åˆ ç† çš„ è¶… é¡ åˆ© 潤 。 至 æ–¼ DCS å’Œ CPSSCC æ–¹ 案
, 建 築 物 çš„ æ“ æœ‰ 人 〠佔 有 人 ã€ åŠ ç§Ÿ 戶 å¯ èƒ½ 會 å° éƒ¨ 分 空 調 基 礎
è¨ æ–½ 失 去 控 制 權 。
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The introduction of WACS systems could potentially provide
opportunities for dominant WACS suppliers to use a monopoly
position to make unreasonably high profits. In the case
of DCS and CPSSCC schemes, a part of the air conditioning
infrastructure could be outside the control of the tenants
and the building owner and occupier of the property.
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這 與 æ°£ 冷 å¼ æˆ– 冷 å» å¡” ç³» çµ± çš„ 情 æ³ ä¸ åŒ ï¼Œ 除 了 æ°´ é›» ä¾› 應 外 , 空
調 ç³» çµ± 包 å« åœ¨ 建 築 物 自 身 之 ä¸ ã€‚ 在 這 種 ç³» çµ± 類 åž‹ 下 , 建 築 物
æ“ æœ‰ 人 通 常 會 æ”¶ 空 調 è²» 。 ç•¶ æ”¶ è²» 標 準 固 定 下 來 , 所 有 æ¥ ä¸» 皆
會 æ„ è˜ åˆ° 高 é¡ çš„ 空 調 è²» 用 å°‡ å½± 響 ç§Ÿ 賃 價 值 。
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This is unlike the situation for air-cooled or cooling
tower systems where, apart from water and power supplies,
the air-conditioning system is self-contained within
a building. With these types of systems, the building
owner typically will determine air-conditioning charges.
When setting charges, the owner is aware that high cooling
charges will detract from rental values.
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如 æžœ 一 個 DCS 或 CPSSCC ä¾› 應 商 ä¸ æ˜¯ 建 築 物 çš„ æ¥ ä¸» , ä»– ä¸ æœƒ é—œ
心 這 個 å• é¡Œ , å› ç‚º ç§Ÿ 價 çš„ 下 è·Œ ä¸ æœƒ å½± 響 ä»– çš„ æ”¶ å…¥ 。 ä¸ éŽ ï¼Œ ç•¶
一 棟 建 築 物 連 接 到 一 個 地 å€ ç¯„ åœ çš„ ç³» çµ± , 並 且 ä¸ å† æœ‰ 能 力 æ
ä¾› 給 自 å·± 舒 é© çš„ 冷 æ°£ ( 特 別 與 æ–° 建 築 相 é—œ ) , 則 外 é–“ çš„ ä¾› 應
者 具 有 實 際 上 的 壟 斷。
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If a DCS or CPSSCC provider is not the building owner,
this will not be a concern, as the decline in rental
values would not affect his income. Moreover, once a
building has invested in connecting to a district-wide
system, and no longer has the capacity to provide its
own comfort cooling (particularly relevant for new buildings),
the external supplier has a de facto monopoly.
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這 與 ç›® å‰ é›» 力 ä¾› 應 çš„ 情 æ³ é¡ž ä¼¼ , 而 且 這 也 是 為 什 麼 é›» 力 å…¬ å¸
æ ¹ 據 控 制 æ–¹ 案 å— åˆ° 監 管 。 ç„¶ 而 , 在 很 大 程 度 上 æ ¹ 據 所 æ“ æœ‰ 人
çš„ 性 質 而 定 。 以 下 圖 表 è˜ åˆ¥ 了 所 有 ä¸ åŒ æ¥ æ¬Š 類 å« ç¾© :
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This is similar to the situation with electricity supply
at present, and is why the power companies are regulated
by the scheme of control. However, much will depend
on nature of the owner. The following table identifies
the implications of different types of ownership.
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基 æ–¼ æ½› 在 客 戶 æ“” 心 å·¿ å ´ 力 é‡ æœ‰ å¯ èƒ½ 被 æ¿« 用 , 實 æ–½ 上 便 æ½› 在 一 定 éšœ 礙 。 å…‹ æœ é€™ 些 éšœ 礙 çš„ å¯ é¸ æ“‡ 方案 å°‡ 在 後 æ–‡ ä¸ æ 出 。
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As potential customers
are aware of the possibility for market abuse, this
is a potential barrier to implementation. Possible options
to overcome this are given later.
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技 術
|
Technical
|
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WACS æ–¹ 案 çš„ ä½ ç½® 〠開 發 å’Œ 實 æ–½ 在 很 大 程 度 上 決 定 在 哪 個 å€ åŸŸ
或 地 å€ å°‡ 被 é–‹ 發 。 ç ” ç©¶ çµ æžœ 表 明 , 在 æ–° é–‹ 發 å€ å¯¦ æ–½ é … ç›® å°‡ 比
在 ç¾ æœ‰ 城 å€ å…§ 實 æ–½ æ›´ 為 ç°¡ 易 。
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The location, development and implementation of WACS
schemes will be largely dependent on the area or district
where the scheme is to be developed. The study has concluded
that it will be more straightforward to implement WACS
in new development areas than existing urban areas.
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ç„¡ è«– å° æ–¼ æ–° å€ é‚„ 是 ç¾ æœ‰ å€ ï¼Œ 與 WACS 有 é—œ çš„ 主 è¦ æŠ€ è¡“ é™ åˆ¶ 都 是
大 è¦ æ¨¡ 基 礎 è¨ æ–½ çš„ 實 æ–½ , 如 å·¨ 大 çš„ ä¾› 應 管 , 排 放 ç³» çµ± , 岸 邊
æ³µ æ°´ ç«™ å’Œ 地 å€ æ€§ çš„ 大 åž‹ 冷 å‡ æ©Ÿ 組 ( DCS ) ç‰ ï¼Œ 以 åŠ å° åœ° æ–¹ 有
é—œ ä¾› æ°´ , 排 污 å’Œ 排 æ°´ çš„ 基 礎 è¨ æ–½ 之 å½± 響 。
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The main technical constraints associated with WACS
in both a new and existing area are the implementation
of large-scale infrastructure such as large diameter
supply pipes, discharge systems, coastal pumping stations
and large district chiller plants (DCS) and the impacts
on local water supplies, sewerage and drainage infrastructure.
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環 境
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Environmental
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廣 æ³› çš„ 使 用 WACS å¯ ä»¥ å° ç’° 境 產 生 明 顯 çš„ 益 處 , ç„¶ 而 , å° æ–¼ 資
æº çš„ é‹ ç”¨ 是 有 æ½› 在 çš„ å½± 響 。 在 香 港 , æ›´ 廣 æ³› 應 用 WACS çš„ 主 è¦
資 æº å¯¦ 質 是 與 用 æ°´ 有 é—œ çš„ 。 CPSSCC æ–¹ 案 å’Œ DCS æ–¹ 案 , 是 å°‡ 熱
é‡ æŽ’ 放 到 æµ· æ´‹ ç’° 境 , 需 è¦ ç›´ 接 çš„ æµ· æ°´ ä¾› 應 , 而 組 æˆ å†· å» å¡” çš„
ç³» çµ± 能 å¤ ä½¿ 用 æ°´ å‹™ ç½² ä¾› 應 çš„ æ·¡ æ°´ / æµ· æ°´ , 以 åŠ å…¶ 它 çš„ çš„ æ°´ æº
, 如 未 æ·¨ 化 çš„ 生 æ´» 廢 æ°´ 。 在 明 確 地 表 é” WACS 實 æ–½ ç– ç•¥ 時 , ä¾›
æ°´ å• é¡Œ 需 è¦ åœ¨ æ•´ é«” 上 , 以 åŠ å€‹ 別 çš„ 基 礎 上 進 行 調 查 。
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Whilst the wider use of WACS has the ability to generate
significant environmental benefits, there are, however,
potential implications with respect to resource utilisation
and knock-on environmental impacts. The major resource
implication of the wider use of WACS in Hong Kong relates
to the use of water. CPSSCC schemes and DCS schemes
dissipating heat to the marine environment need to be
supplied directly with seawater, whilst systems that
incorporate cooling towers can use WSD supplied freshwater/seawater,
as well as alternative water sources such as grey water.
During the formulation of WACS implementation strategies,
water supply issues need to be investigated on a cumulative
as well as on a case-by-case basis.
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關 於 WACS 潛 在 的 環 境 影 響 , 最 大 的 潛 在 影 響 是 由 WACS 產 生
污 æ°´ çš„ 排 放 å°Ž 致 çš„ 。 CPSSCC æ–¹ 案 å’Œ DCS æ–¹ 案 ( å°‡ 熱 é‡ æ•£ 發 到
æµ· æ´‹ ç’° 境 ä¸ ) 產 生 çš„ 物 質 å› ç‚º 涉 åŠ åˆ° çš„ é‡ å¾ˆ 大 , 通 常 è¦ æŽ’ å…¥
æµ· æ´‹ 。 ç”± æ–¼ 這 些 污 æ°´ å« ç†± çš„ 特 性 , 以 åŠ å®ƒ 們 å« æœ‰ 化 å¸ è™• ç† ç”¨
物 質 çš„ è² è· ï¼Œ 使 å¾— ç’° 境 å° å®ƒ 們 çš„ å¯ æŽ¥ å— æ€§ 應 ç•¶ 在 ç´¯ ç© ä¸Š , 以
åŠ å€‹ 別 çš„ 基 礎 上 進 行 調 查 。 使 用 冷 å» å¡” æ•£ 發 熱 é‡ çš„ CPSSCT å’Œ
DCS æ–¹ 案 çš„ 污 æ°´ , 一 般 應 在 排 到 雨 æ°´ ç³» çµ± 之 å‰ è™• ç† ã€‚ 如 一 些
國 å®¶ 一 樣 , 採 用 å°‡ 污 æ°´ 排 å…¥ å…¬ å…± 污 æ°´ 管 çš„ åš æ³• , 應 該 注 æ„ åˆ°
ç¾ æœ‰ å’Œ è¦ åŠƒ ä¸ çš„ 污 æ°´ 管 çš„ 容 é‡ ï¼Œ 以 åŠ æ±¡ æ°´ 處 ç† èƒ½ 力 åª èƒ½ 滿 è¶³
房 屋 計 劃 å’Œ é æœŸ 人 å£ å¢ž é•· 帶 來 çš„ è¿« 切 需 è¦ ã€‚ å› æ¤ ï¼Œ åª æœ‰ ç•¶ 實
æ–½ 了 進 一 æ¥ çš„ 詳 ç´° 調 查 , 並 確 定 å° æ–¼ å…· é«” çš„ æ–¹ 案 有 è¶³ å¤ çš„ 富
餘 能 力 , ä¸ æœƒ 在 ä»» 何 æ–¹ é¢ å° åŸº 本 污 æ°´ è¨ æ–½ é€ æˆ å½± 響 , æ‰ å¯ ä»¥
將 該 些 廢 水 排 入 公 共 污 水 管 。
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With regard to the potential knock-on environmental
impacts of WACS, the greatest potential impacts result
from the discharge of WACS effluents. Effluents from
CPSSCC schemes and DCS schemes (dissipating heat to
the marine environment) generally must be discharged
to sea due to the high volumes involved. Due to the
heated nature of these effluents, as well as their treatment
chemical load, the environmental acceptability of these
discharges must be investigated on a cumulative as well
as on a case-by-case basis. Effluents generated by CPSSCT
schemes and DCS schemes dissipating heat to cooling
tower would generally be treated prior to their discharge
into the storm drain system. On the practice of discharging
the effluent into public sewers as adopted in other
countries, it should be noted that the existing and
planned sewerage and sewage treatment capacity could
barely meet the pressing demand introduced by the housing
programme and the projected population growth. As a
result, discharging the wastewater into public sewers
may be pursued only if further detailed investigation
demonstrate that there is adequate spare capacity for
specific schemes without joepardizing the service to
the primary sewage infrastructure users in any respect.
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ä»» 何 包 括 冷 å» å¡” çš„ æ·¡ æ°´ WACS æ–¹ 案 ä¸ ï¼Œ 與 有 é—œ 退 ä¼ è» äºº èŒ çš„ 人
é«” å¥ åº· 風 險 都 å¿… é ˆ 給 予 考 æ…® 。 在 ä»» 何 WACS 實 æ–½ ç– ç•¥ çš„ 發 展 éŽ
程 ä¸ ï¼Œ 防 æ¢ é€€ ä¼ è» äºº èŒ ç–¾ ç—… çš„ å·¥ 作 守 則 一 定 è¦ åš´ æ ¼ 執 行 , åŒ
時 é‚„ 應 有 è¦ ç¨‹ , 以 有 效 地 å° å†· å» å¡” 進 行 註 冊 , ç¶ ä¿® , 控 制 å’Œ
檢 測 。
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Human health risk associated with Legionella must be
considered for any freshwater WACS schemes that incorporate
cooling towers. During the development of any WACS implementation
strategy, the recommendations of the Code of Practice
for the Prevention of Legionnaires’ Disease must be
rigorously followed and backed up with procedures that
allow for effective cooling tower registration, maintenance,
control and monitoring.
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在 這 份 åˆ æ¥ éšŽ 段 ç ” ç©¶ ä¸ ï¼Œ æ²’ 有 ä»» 何 ä¸ èƒ½ è§£ 決 çš„ ç’° 境 å• é¡Œ , ç„¶
而 , 它 指 出 ç•¶ å…· é«” å½± 響 å 分 明 顯 , 以 åŠ åœ¨ æŸ äº› 特 定 çš„ ç’° 境 下
, 需 è¦ åœ¨ 下 一 階 段 çš„ 實 æ–½ éŽ ç¨‹ ä¸ é€² 行 排 污 å’Œ 排 æ°´ å½± 響 çš„ è©• ä¼°
。
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This preliminary phase study has not identified any
particular insurmountable environmental problems, however,
it has indicated where specific impacts may be significant
and where specific environmental, sewerage and drainage
impact assessments need to be carried out during the
next stages of implementation.
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å…‹ æœ å¯¦ æ–½ é™ åˆ¶ çš„ 行 å‹•
è¦ åŠƒ 與 é–‹ 發
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ACTIONS TO OVERCOME IMPLEMENTATION
CONSTRAINTS
Planning
and Development
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在 ç¾ æœ‰ çš„ 城 å·¿ 地 å€ ï¼Œ å°‹ 找 å ´ 地 來 滿 è¶³ 與 WACS 有 é—œ çš„ 基 礎 è¨ æ–½
是 å 分 å›° 難 çš„ 。 一 æ—¦ 考 æ…® 到 é … ç›® 會 在 這 些 地 å€ å¯¦ æ–½ , 政 府 å°‡
需 è¦ è§£ 決 土 地 å† åˆ© 用 å’Œ 在 ç§ äºº 土 地 上 建 é€ é™„ 屬 建 築 物 çš„ å• é¡Œ
。 這 也 許 需 è¦ æ¾„ 清 , WACS çš„ 引 進 是 å¦ ä»£ 表 “ 一 種 å…¬ å…± 用 途 â€
- å… è¨± 這 樣 進 行 æ”¶ 地 , 以 åŠ ä¸€ 個 æ–° æ¢ ä¾‹ çš„ 引 進 , 與 é›» æ°£ æ¢ ä¾‹
( 建 é€ é™„ 屬 建 築 物 ) 或 é›» 訊 æ¢ ä¾‹ 類 ä¼¼ çš„ 。
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In existing urban areas it will be difficult to identify
sites and land to accommodate infrastructure associated
with WACS. In the event that it is considered that the
concept should be implemented in these areas, the Government
will need to address the issue of land resumption and
creation of easements through private property. This
may require clarification as to whether the introduction
of WACS would represent "a public purpose"
to allow such land acquisition to take place and the
introduction of a new Ordinance, with similar provisions
to the Electricity (Creation of Easements) Ordinance
or the Telecommunications Ordinance.
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從 æ–° é–‹ 發 地 å€ çš„ è§’ 度 來 說 , å°‡ 有 å¿… è¦ ä¿ è¨¼ é© åˆ WACS çš„ å ´ 地 å’Œ
é ç•™ 地 å·² ç¶“ 明 確 å’Œ 分 é… å¥½ , 以 åŠ å®Œ æˆ äº† é© ç•¶ çš„ 行 政 å’Œ 法 律 程
åº ä»¥ ä¿ è¨¼ 土 地 æ ¹ 據 “ 概 括 分 å€ è¦ åŠƒ ( Outline Zoning Plan
) †被 åˆ ç† åŠƒ 分 。
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In terms of new development areas, it will be necessary
to ensure that appropriate sites and reserves are identified
and allocated for infrastructure associated with WACS,
and that appropriate administrative and statutory procedures
are completed to ensure that land is correctly zoned
upon the Outline Zoning Plan.
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å¦ å¤– , 有 å¿… è¦ å¾ž 土 地 政 ç– å’Œ 法 律 è¦ åŠƒ çš„ è§’ 度 , 復 æ ¸ è¯ åˆ ç”¨ 戶
çš„ 發 展 是 å¦ å¯ ä»¥ 接 å— ï¼Œ 以 åŠ ä¿ è¨¼ 在 æ–° å€ è¦ åŠƒ ä¸ å˜ åœ¨ è¶³ å¤ çš„ éˆ
æ´» 性 , 使 å¾— è¯ åˆ ç”¨ 戶 çš„ 發 展 能 å¤ é€² 行 。 也 有 å¿… è¦ å° æ“¬ 建 é … ç›®
實 æ–½ é—œ æ–¼ 商 æ¥ å¯ è¡Œ 性 çš„ 進 行 å’¨ è©¢ 。
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It will also be necessary to review whether joint user
development is considered to be acceptable from a land
policy and statutory planning perspective, and if so,
to ensure that sufficient flexibility exists in the
planning of new areas such that joint user development
can take place. It may also be necessary to undertake
consultation regarding the commercial viability of the
proposed development.
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土 地 分 é…
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Land Allocation
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在 WACS é … ç›® ç”± ç§ äºº æ¥ ä¸» 進 行 çš„ 情 æ³ ä¸‹ , 主 è¦ åŸº 礎 è¨ æ–½ 用 地 會
通 éŽ ç§ äºº æ¢ ä¾‹ 或 通 éŽ æ‹› 標 ç«¶ 投 分 é… çµ¦ 營 é‹ å•† 。 如 æžœ 是 ç”± 政 府
部 é–€ 實 æ–½ , 土 地 需 通 éŽ æ”¿ 府 土 地 分 é… çš„ æ–¹ å¼ å¾— 到 。 å° é€™ 種 基
礎 è¨ æ–½ 採 å– çŸ æœŸ ç§Ÿ 賃 çš„ 辦 法 , 按 ç…§ é æœŸ 涉 åŠ åˆ° çš„ 資 本 投 å…¥ æ°´
å¹³ , å° æ–¼ ç§ äºº æ¥ ä¸» 來 說 未 å¿… 是 å¯ è¡Œ çš„ 。 為 了 ä¿ è¨¼ ç è²´ çš„ 土 地
資 æº åœ¨ å¯ èƒ½ çš„ 基 礎 上 å¾— 到 了 有 效 çš„ 利 用 , 應 ç•¶ 考 æ…® 與 ä»» 何 WACS
基 礎 è¨ æ–½ 相 è¯ åœŸ 地 ç³» çš„ 發 展 權 。 這 種 åš æ³• 也 能 從 財 å‹™ çš„ è§’ 度
使 WACS æ–¹ 案 çš„ 實 æ–½ æ›´ å…· å¸ å¼• 力 。
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In the event that the WACS concept is to be pursued
by the private sector, it is anticipated that land for
major infrastructure would be granted to the operator
by way of private treaty or on a competitive basis as
part of a tender. If it were to be implemented by a
Government Department, the land would be made available
via a Government Land Allocation. It is considered unlikely
that a Short Term Tenancy for such infrastructure would
be acceptable to the private sector given the anticipated
levels of capital investment involved. In order to ensure
that scarce land resources are utilised as efficiently
as possible, consideration could also be given to the
granting of development rights in conjunction with any
sites required for WACS infrastructure. Such an approach
may also assist in rendering the implementation of WACS
more attractive to the private sector from a financial
perspective.
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ç«‹ 法 與 è¦ ä¾‹
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Legislation and Regulation
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é—œ éµ çš„ è¦ ç®¡ çš„ å’Œ 制 度 çš„ 實 æ–½ , 是 å° å·¿ å ´ 力 é‡ è¢« æ¿« 用 進 行 é™ åˆ¶
, 以 åŠ é¼“ 勵 採 用 高 能 æº æ•ˆ 益 çš„ 空 調 ç³» çµ± çš„ æ–¹ 法 。
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The key regulatory and institutional implementation
constraints concern potential abuses of market power
and measures to encourage the adoption of energy efficient
air-conditioning systems.
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為 了 防 æ¢ åœ¨ DCS å’Œ CPSSCC æ–¹ 案 下 , å·¿ å ´ 力 é‡ è¢« æ¿« 用 , 採 å– ä¸€
些 è¦ ç®¡ 是 å¿… è¦ çš„ 。 特 別 是 在 ç§ äºº å…¬ å¸ ç‡Ÿ é‹ ï¼Œ åˆ èˆ‡ 地 產 æ¥ ä¸» 或
ç§Ÿ 戶 æ²’ 有 è¯ ç³» çš„ 情 æ³ ä¸‹ æ ä¾› æœ å‹™ 時 , å°¤ å…¶ 顯 å¾— é‡ è¦ ã€‚ 如 æžœ 是
ç”± 一 個 第 三 æ–¹ çš„ ç§ äºº 營 é‹ è€… æ ä¾› æœ å‹™ , 則 有 å¿… è¦ æŽ¡ å– ä¸€ 些 å½¢
å¼ çš„ 價 æ ¼ è¦ ç®¡ 。 å¯ é¸ æ–¹ 案 在 下 表 ä¸ åˆ— 出 。
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In order to prevent abuses of market power with DCS
and CPSSCC schemes, some form of regulation may be necessary.
This will be particularly true if a private company,
with no connection to property owners or tenants, provides
the services. If a third party private operator is providing
the service, some form of price regulation may be necessary.
Potential options are set out in the table below.
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