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¾÷¹q¤uµ{¸p
Electrical
& Mechanical Services Department
Agreement No. CE44/98
Preliminary
Phase Consultancy Study
on
Wider Use of Water-cooled
Air
Conditioning Systems in Hong Kong
Executive Summary
July 1999
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¦X¬ù½s¸¹CE44/98
¦b»´ä±À¼s¤ôª~¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Îªºªì¨BÅU°Ý¬ã¨s
°õ¦æºKn
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Agreement No. CE 44/98
Preliminary Phase Consultancy
Study on Wider Use of Water-cooled Air Conditioning
Systems in Hong Kong
Executive Summary
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¶i¦æ¬ã¨sªº¥Øªº¦p¤U¡G
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INTRODUCTION
Aims
& Objectives
The objective
of the study is as follows:
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¥»¬ã¨s¦®¦b¦Ò¹î¦b»´ä±À¼s¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¡]WACS¡^¡A¨Ï¤§¥Î©ó«D¦í¦v¶µ¥Øªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡C¬ã¨s±N´£¨Ñ¥R¤Àªº¿W¥ß½Õ¬dµ²ªG©M±ÀÂË·N¨£¡A¨Ï»´ä¯S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¬F©²¯à°÷¬Ý¨ì¾ãÓ¦a°Ï¨Ï¥Î¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¦b¤uµ{¡BÀô¹Ò©M¸gÀ٤豪º¥i¦æ©Ê¡A¯à°÷Åé²{¸g¹LÅçµýªº¥@¬É§Þ³N©M³Ð·s³]pªº¥i¥Î¸`¯à¤uµ{¤è®×¡A¤Î¬ã¨s©M¶µ¥Ø¹ê¬Iªº¥DÅ鶥¬q©Ò±Ä¥Îªº¤¤ªø´Áµ¦²¤¡C
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To examine the feasibility of promoting
water-cooled air conditioning systems (WACS) for non-domestic
development in Hong Kong. Provide independent findings
and recommendations sufficient to enable the HKSAR Government
to have insights into the engineering, environmental
and economic viability of territory-wide WACS, the available
energy efficient engineering solutions demonstrating
the proven world-wide technologies and innovative designs,
and the medium and long term strategy to be adopted
for the main phases of the study and implementation
of the project.
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¬ã¨sµ²ªGºKn
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Summary
of Findings
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¬ã¨sªí©ú¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¬O§Þ³N¤W¥i¦æªº¡A¨Ã¥B¦³¤@¨Ç¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¤è®×µL½×¦b¸gÀÙ¤W©M°]°È¬Ò¬O¥i¦æªº¡C
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The study has shown that WACS are
technically feasible and that there are a number of
types of WACS schemes that are economically and financially
viable.
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¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A±Ä¥Î¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¦³¯q©ó¸`¬ù¯à·½¡A¥i¨Ï¥»¤g¦a°Ï½d³ò¤º´î¤Ö·Å«Ç®ðÅé±Æ©ñ¡]GHG¡^¡A´î¤Öµo¹q¯¸©Ò¥Îªº¶i¤fÄqª«¿U®Æ¡A´î½wµo¹q¯¸ªº«Ø³]©M°§C¹ïÀô¹Òªº¼vÅT¡C
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The study has demonstrated that
there are benefits in adopting WACS in terms of energy
savings which territory-wide can lead to a reduction
in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), a reduction in imported
fossil fuels for power generation, deferred power station
provision and reduced environmental impacts.
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µM¦Ó¡An¹ê¬I§ó¼sªxªº±Ä¥Î¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¤]¦³¤@¨Ç¨îªº±ø¥ó¡A¾¨ºÞ³o¤£¬O¤£¯à§JªAªº¡A¦]¦¹«Øij¯S°Ï¬F©²¦bp¹º¶i¤@¨B®É»Ý°t¦X¥t¥~¤@¨Ç¦æ°Ê¡C
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However, there are a number of constraints
to the implementation of the wider adoption of WACS
and although not insurmountable, further actions on
the part of the HKSAR Government are recommended in
order to proceed.
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¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²ÎªºI´º
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Background
to WACS
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¦b»´ä¥Ø«eªºÁ`¥Î¹q¶q¤¤¡A¦³¶W¹L60%¬O®ø¯Ó¦b°Ó·~«Ø¿vª«¤W¡A¦Ó¨ä¤¤¤S¦³¬ù40%®ø¯Ó¦bªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¤W¡]§Y¬OÁ`¥Î¹q¶qªº25%¥ª¥k¡^¡C
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More than
60% of the total electricity currently used in Hong
Kong is consumed in commercial buildings, of this some
40% is taken up by the air conditioning system (i.e.
around 25% of the total electricity use).
¡@
¡@
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¥Ø«e¡A¤j³¡¤À¦b´ä¸Ë¦³ªÅ½Õªº«Ø¿vª«¬Ò°t³Æ¤F±N¼ö¶q±q«Ø¿v¤º³¡¶Ç°e¥X¨Ó¡A¦A´²µo¨ì¤j®ð¤¤ªºªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¡C³o¨Ç¨t²Î³q±`³QºÙ§@®ð§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¡]AACS¡^¡C
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The present
situation is that the majority of the air-conditioned
buildings in Hong Kong are constructed with air-conditioning
systems that transfer the heat from the inside of the
building and dissipate it to the atmosphere. These systems
are commonly referred to as air-cooled air-conditioning
systems (AACS).
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®ð§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¦b»´ä¦û¥D¾Éªº¦a¦ì¡A«Ü¤jµ{«×¤WÂk¦]©ó¥Ø«e¤ô°È¸p¹ï¨Ï¥Î¬F©²³ïºÞ¨Ñ¤ô¥Î©óªÅ¶¡µÎ¾A½Õ¸`³]³Æªº»]µo¦¡§NÓý¥Î³~©Ò¹ê¬Iªº¨î¡C³o¨Ç¥Î¤ô¨î±q¤»¤Q¦~¥N¶}©l¦b´ä¹ê¬I¡A¬O¥Ñ©ó»´ä¦a°Ï¤ô·½¹¼¥F¡A¦Ó±q¼sªF¬Ù´£¨Ñ¥i¾a©M«ùÄòªº¹¤ô¨ÑÀ³¤§«e¡A³o¨Ç¨î¤w¥Í®Ä¤F¡C
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The pre-dominance
of AACS in Hong Kong may be largely attributed to the
current restrictions imposed by the Water Supplies Department
(WSD) on the use of the mains water supplies in evaporative
cooling processes for comfort air-conditioning. These
water use restrictions were imposed during the 1960¡¦s as a consequence of
the limited availability of water resources within Hong
Kong and prior to the implementation of a reliable and
continuous piped supply system of raw water from Guangdong
Province.
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¦¹¥~¡A¦bªñ´X¦~¤¤¡A³q¹L¡§«D´`Àô¡¨®ü¤ô¨ÑÀ³¥h®ø´²«Ø¿vª«ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î²£¥Íªº¼ö¶q¡A¤w³Q±µ¨ü¬°¤@Ó¸`¯àªº«Ø¿vª«§N«o¨t²Î¤è®×¡A¯S§O¬O±Ä¥Î©ó¨º¨Ç¾aªñ®ü©¤½uªº«Ø¿vª«¤W¡C³o´N«P¶i¤F¤@©w¼Æ¶qªº¤½¦@©M¨p¤H®ü¤ô¤Þ¤J¬¦©Ð©M¤ôºÞ¨t²Îªºµo®i¡A¨Ã¹M§G¾ãÓ¦a°Ï¡Aª½±µ¬°¤j«¬«Ø¿vª«ªÅ½Õ§N«oªº´²¼ö¸Ë¸m¨ÑÀ³®ü¤ô¡C²{¦b¦³¤j¬ù¤@¦ÊÓ³o¼Ëªº¨t²Î¬°¬F©²«Ø¿vª«¡AÂå°|¡Aºî¦X©Ê¶}µo¶µ¥Ø©M¤j«¬¥æ³q¶µ¥ØªºªÅ½Õ¨t²Î´²¼ö´£¨Ñ®ü¤ô¡C
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Notwithstanding
this, over recent years the use of ¡§once-through¡¨
seawater supply for the dissipation of heat from building
air-conditioning systems has been accepted as an energy-efficient
solution to the cooling of some buildings in Hong Kong,
particularly those close to the seafront. This
has developed into a number of public and private sector
seawater intakes pumphouses and pipeline systems, being
constructed throughout the Territory for the direct
supply of seawater for the air-conditioning nf_chiller
installations of large buildings. Today there are approx.
one hundred once-through systems serving government
buildings, hospitals, mixed-use developments and mass
transportation developments _ providing seawater supplies
for air-conditioning system heat rejection.
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¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²ÎªºÀuÂI©M¯ÊÂI
¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¤è®×ªºÃþ«¬
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BENEFITS
AND DISBENEFITS OF WACS
Types of WACS Schemes
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§@¬°¬ã¨sªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¥»¬ã¨s¹ï¤TºØ¤£¦PÃþ«¬ªº¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¤è®×¶i¦æ¤Fµû¦ô¡A³o¤TÓ¬O©Ò¦³¤è®×¤¤¤ñ¸û¨ã§l¤Þ¤O¡A¥B¦³¼ç¤O¦b»´ä³Q¼sªx±Ä¥Îªº¡C¶°¤¤¦¡ºÞ¹D¨ÑÀ³§N¾®¾¹§N«o¤ô¨t²Î¡C
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Three different types of WACS schemes
have been evaluated as part of the study and found to
be attractive and having the potential for wider adoption
in Hong Kong. These are:
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¶°¤¤¦¡ºÞ¹D¨ÑÀ³§N¾®¾¹§N«o¤ô¨t²Î¡]CPSSCC¡^
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Centralised Piped Supply System
for Condenser Cooling (CPSSCC)
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¦¹Ãþ«¬¨t²Î¬O¥Ñ¤@Ó®ü¤ô¤Þ¤J¸Ë¸m©M¬¦¤ô¯¸²Õ¦¨¡A³q¹LºÞºô©Î°t°eÀô¸ô¡]¨£¹Ï0201¡^¦V´XÓ«Ø¿v´£¨Ñ¤j¶qªº®ü¤ô¡C®ü¤ô³Q¬¦¤J¨CÓ«Ø¿vª«¾÷©Ðªº¤ô§N¦¡§Ná¤ô¾÷¤¤¡A¥Î©ó®ø´²±q§Ná¤ô¾÷²Õ±Æ¥Xªº¼ö¶q¡CÅܼö«áªº¤ô³q¹L¥t¤@Ó¥]§t¼WÀ£ºÞºô©M®ü¬v±Æ¤ô¤fªº¿W¥ß¨t²Î±Æ©ñ¨ì®ü¬v¤¤¡C±Æ¥Xªº¼ö¤ô¤]¥i¦A³Q§@¬°«Ø¿vª«¨R¬~¤ô³~¡C
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This type of system consists of
a seawater intake and pumping station supplying a large
quantity of seawater to a number of buildings via a
pipe network or distribution loop (ref. Figure 0201).
The seawater is pumped to the water-cooled nf_chillers
located within each building plant room and is used
to dissipate heat rejected from the nf_chiller plant. The
discharge of warmed water is returned to the sea via
a separate discharge system with pressurised pipe network
and sea outfall. The discharged warmed water also has
the potential to be reused for building flushing water
purposes.
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¬ã¨sªí©ú¡A»PAACS¤è®×¬Û¤ñ¡A¨Ï¥ÎCPSSCC¤è®×¥i¥H¸`¬ù12%¨ì24%ªº¯à¶q¡C
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The study has evaluated that energy
savings of between 12% to 24% can be anf_chieved for CPSSCC
schemes when compared to AACS systems.
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¶°¤¤¦¡ºÞ¹D¨ÑÀ³§N«o¶ð¥Î¤ô¨t³~ (CPSSCT¡^
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Centralised Piped Supply System
for Cooling Towers (CPSSCT)
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¦¹¨t²Î»PCPSSCC¨t²Î¦³Ãþ¦üªº°ò¥»ºc³y¸Ë¸m¡AµM¦Ó¡A³oºØ¨t²Î¬O³q¹LºÞ¹Dºôµ¸©Î¤À°t°eÀô¸ô¡A¦V´XÓ«Ø¿v¨ÑÀ³¬Û¹ï¸û¤Ö¶qªº®ü¤ô©Î²H¤ô¡]¨£¹Ï0701©Î0801¡^¡C®ü¤ô©Î²H¤ô³Q¥Î°µ§N«o¶ðªº¸Éµ¹¤ô°e©¹¨º¨Ç³q±`¦ì©ó¨C¤@®y«Ø¿v«Î³»ªº§N«o¶ð¡C³oºØ§N«o¤ô¥N´À¤F·|¦]»]µo¡B¬y¥¢©MÄƨ«¦Ó¥¢¥hªº´`Àô¤ô¬y¡C±q§N«o¶ð²£¥Íªº¬y¥¢©Î¼o¤ô¬OÂ_Â_ÄòÄò±Æ©ñ¥X¨Óªº¡A¥i§Y³õ¶i¦æ³B²z«á¡A±Æ¤Jªþªñªº«B¤ôºÞ¹D¡C¥t¥~¡A¦pªG¤½¦@¦Ã¤ôºÞ¦³¨¬°÷ªº´I¾l¶q¡A¤]¥i±N¨ä±Æ¤J¤½¦@¦Ã¤ôºÞ¹D¡C¬°¤FÅçÃÒ¦¹µ¥±Æ©ñ¤§¥i¦æ©Ê¡A±N»Ý¶i¦æ¤@ӱƦéαƤô¼vÅTµû¦ô¡C
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The CPSSCT system is a similar infrastructure
arrangement to the CPSSCC system, however, this type
of system involves the supply of a much lower quantity
of either seawater or freshwater to a number of buildings
via a pipe network or distribution loop (ref. Figures
0701 and 0801). The seawater or freshwater is supplied
to each building for use as ¡§make-up¡¨ water for cooling towers
normally located on the roof of each building. This
¡§make-up¡¨ water replaces the circulating
water flow that is lost due to evaporation, ¡¥bleed-off¡¦ and drift. The bleed-off
or waste water from the cooling towers is intermittently
discharged and can be treated on-site and discharged
to the nearby stormwater drainage system. Alternatively,
it may be discharged into public sewers if there is
adequate spare capacity. A Sewerage or Drainage Impact
Assessment is needed in order to examine its feasibility.
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¬ã¨sªí©ú¡A»PAACS¤è®×¬Û¤ñ¡A¨Ï¥ÎCPSSCT¤è®×¥i¥H¸`¬ù7%¨ì17%ªº¯à¶q¡C
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The study has evaluated that energy
savings of between 7% to 17% can be anf_chieved for CPSSCT
schemes when compared to AACS systems.
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°Ï°ì©Ê§N«o¤è®×¡]DCS¡^
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District Cooling Scheme (DCS)
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DCS¨t²Î¥Ñ¤@Ó¤j«¬¤¤¥¡§Ná¤ô¾÷²Õ²Õ¦¨¡A³q±`®y¸¨¦b¶Z¥¦ªA°Èªº¦a°Ï©Î«Ø¿v«Üªñªº¦ì¸m¡C¤¤¥¡§Ná¤ô¾÷²Õ²£¥Íªº§Ná¤ô³q¹L¤@Ó³¬¸ôºÞ¹D¤À°e¨ìY¤z«Ø¿vª«¡C§Ná¤ô³Q¬¦°e¨ì¨C¤@¼l«Ø¿vª«¡A¨ÑªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¨Ï¥Î¡AµM«áªð¦^¤¤¥¡§Ná¤ô¾÷²Õ¥¡¶i¦æ¦A¡]¨£¹Ï1101¡A1601©M1701¡^¡C®ü¤ô¯à³Q¥Î§@¤ô§N¸Ë¸mªº¡§«D´`Àô¡¨¼ö¶q±Æ°£¡A¥H¤Î/©ÎDCS§N«o¶ð¤º³¡ªº¸Éµ¹¤ô¡C
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The DCS system comprise a large
central nf_chiller plant normally located within close
proximity of the district or buildings being served.
The central nf_chiller plant produces nf_chilled water for
distribution to a number of buildings via a closed loop
pipe network. The nf_chilled water is pumped to individual
buildings for use in the building air conditioning system
and then returned to the central nf_chiller plant for re-nf_chilling
(ref. Figures 1101, 1601 and 1701). Seawater can be
used for either ¡§once
through¡¨ heat rejection for water-cooled
nf_chillers and/or freshwater for make-up water within
the DCS cooling tower.
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
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³q¹L¹ï¢Ò¢Ñ¢á¨t²Î¥[¤J¼ö¶qÀx¦sµ¥±¹¬I¡A¥i§â¨C¤@¤Ñ§N«o»Ý¨D°ª®p´Áªº§N«o¯à¶q¡AÂಾ¦Ü§N«ot²ü³Ì¤pªº±ß¶¡¡C³o¼Ë¥i±NWACS¤è®×³]p¶i¤@¨B§ïµ½¡A¥H´î¤Ö°ª®p´Áªº¹q¤O»Ý¨D¡A¼W¥[¯à¶qªº®Ä²v¡A¤Î°§C¨C¦~¯à¶q©M¸êª÷¦¨¥»¡C
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Further optimisation of the design
of WACS schemes can be anf_chieved including reducing peak
power demand, increasing energy efficiency and lowering
annual energy and capital costs through measures such
as adopting thermal storage for DCS systems. The thermal
store shifts the production of cooling energy from the
period of the day when the cooling demand is high, to
nighttime when the plant has minimal imposed cooling
load.
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¬ã¨sªí©ú¡A»PAACS¤è®×¬Û¤ñ¡A¨Ï¥ÎDCS¤è®×¥i¥H¸`¬ù¢±¢²¦Ü¢²¢±%ªº¯à¶q¡C
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The study has evaluated that energy
savings of between 23% to 32% can be anf_chieved for DCS
schemes when compared to AACS systems.
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¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²ÎªºÀuÂI
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Benefits
of WACS
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¦pªGWACS¤è®×¦b§ó¼sªxªº°ò¦¤W±o¨ìÀ³¥Î¡A±N·|¦³¤TÓ¥Dnªº¨ü¯qªÌ¡A¥L̬O¡G
«Ø¿vª«·~¥D¡]¤]´N¬O«È¤á¡^ ¤½²³ ªA°È°Ó¡C¨C¤@ÓWACS¤è®×ªº¥DnÀuÂIÁ`µ²¦p¤U¡G
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There are three main beneficiaries
when considering WACS schemes being adopted on a wider
basis and these are (i) the building owners (i.e. the
customers) (ii) the public and (iii) service providers.
The following summarises the main benefits of the WACS
schemes for each:
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¹ï©ó«Ø¿vª«·~¥D¡G
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To Building Owners:
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¸`¬Ù¯à·½¡G±Ä¥ÎCPSSCT©ÎCPSSCC¡A§N«o³]³Æ¡A»PAACS¬Û¤ñ¡A¥i¥H¸`¬ù¨C¦~ªº¥Î¹q¦¨¥»¡A¹ê²{¸û§Cªº¯à·½®ø¯Ó¡C¨Ï¥ÎDCS¤è®×¡A¯à·½¸`¬ù«K¯à¤Ï¬M¦bªA°È°Óªº¦¬¶O¥Î¬[ºc¤¤¡C
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Energy Savings;
by adopting nf_chiller plant operating under a CPSSCT or
CPSSCC scheme, savings in annual power costs can be
realised as a result of lower energy consumption compared
to AACS. By connecting to a DCS scheme the energy savings
are reflected in the charging structure of the service
provider.
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¡P
¸`¬ÙªÅ¶¡¡G¤j¦h¼ÆWACSªÅ½Õ³]³Æ¤ñAACS¨t²Î¦û¥Î§ó¤ÖªºªÅ¶¡¡C©ó¬O¡A«Ø¿vª«·~¥D´N¥i¥H±N¸`¬Ù¥X¨Óªº½d³ò¥Î©ó¯à²£¥Í¦^³øªº¥Øªº¡C¡]»¡©ú¡G¥u¦³¦bªÅ¶¡³Qp¤J«Ø¿v±¿n©M¨S¦³¨ä¥¦µo®i±ø¥óªº¨î¤U¡C¡^
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Space Saving; most
WACS air conditioning plant accommodate less space than
AACS systems. Therefore, building owners have the potential
to utilise these areas for revenue generating purposes
instead. (Note: Only if space previously accountable
for GFA and no other development controls.)
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¡P
´î¤Ö¹B§@©MºûסG
¹ï©ó«Ø¿vª«·~¥DÓ¤H¨Ó»¡¡A¿ï¾ÜCPSSCC±N·N¨ýµÛ¸û¤Öªº¹B§@©Mºû×»Ýn¡C¿ï¾ÜDCS¡A«h¤j³¡¤À¾Þ§@©Mºû׸귽±N¥Ñ±MªùªºªA°È°Ó©Ó¾á¡C
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Reduced Operation & Maintenance;
with CPSSCC there will be a reduced need for operational
and maintenance resources by individual building owners.
With DCS most of the operation and maintenance resources
will be outsourced to a dedicated service provider.
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¡P
¼W¥[¥i¾a©Ê¡G
¦hÓ¶°¤¤¦¡WACS¤è®×¤@°_¶i¦æ³]p¡A¯à¨É¨ü¨ì³W¼Ò¸gÀÙªºÀu¶V©Ê¡A¤]¯à¦b¾Þ§@©Mºûפ象A¤ñ³æ¿Wªº«Ø¿vª«·~¥D¤À§O¹B§@¥L̦ۤvªº³]³Æ§ó¨ã®ÄªG©M§ó¦³®Ä²v¡C¶°¤¤¦¡ªºWACS³]³Æ³£¦³³Æ¥Îµo¹q¯¸¥H«Oµý³sÄò¹B§@¡A¨Ã¥i¦b¬I¤u®É´N±N¦hÓ¨t²Î/³]³Æªº°t°eÀô¸ô¬Û¤¬³s±µ¦b¤@°_¡A³o¼Ë§Y¨Ï¦³¤@Ó¥X²{¤F°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¥¦ªº¾÷²Õ¤´¥i´£¨Ñ§N«o¤ô¡C
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¡P
Increased Reliability;
centralised WACS schemes would be designed and optimised
taking advantage of economies of scale and would be
operated and maintained more effectively and efficiently
than individual building owners who operate their own
plant. The centralised WACS plant would be provided
with power plant back-up for continuous operation and
where multiple systems/plants are constructed the distribution
loops would be interconnected, such that even if one
plant were to experience problems there would still
be cooling water provided from the other plants.
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¡P
´î¤Ö§ë¤J¸êª÷¡G¨Ï¥Î¶°¤¤¦¡ªºWACS¤è®×¡A«Ø¿vª«·~¥D¥u»Ý¥Î¸û¤Öªº¾÷±ñ©M³]³Æ¡A¦]¦Ó¥²nªºªì©l¸êª÷©M«áÄò©Ò»Ýªº´À´«¤Î¤É¯Å¸êª÷¤]´N¸û¤Ö¡C¹ï©óDCS¤è®×¡A°£¤F¤j«¬«Ø¿vn¨D¦³´XÓ¼ö¯à¥æ´«³]³Æ¥~¡A«Ø¿vª«¤¤µL»Ý³æ¿Wªº§N«o³]³Æ¡A¸ê¥»©M¦A§ë¤Jªº¸êª÷«K·|´î¤Ö±o§ó¦h¡C
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¡P
Reduced Capital Investment;
with a centralised WACS scheme, less plant and equipment
is required by the building owner, therefore less initial
capital investment is necessary and investment for subsequent
replacement and upgrading of plant. For the DCS schemes,
the reduction in capital and recurrent investment is
greater as there is no requirement for any nf_chiller plant
within the individual building except for possibly a
few heat exchangers for large buildings.
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¹ï©ó¤½²³¡G
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To the Public:
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¡P
´î¤Ö¯à·½ªº®ø¯Ó¡G WACS¨t²Î¨Ï¥Î¸û¤Ö¯à·½¥h¨ÑÀ³ª~«o¯à¤O¡C³o¯à·½¸`¬ù¦b³æ¿W³]¬Iªº¤ô¥¤WÂର´î¤Ö¹q¤Oªº»Ý¨D¡A¥H¤ÎÀH¤§´î¤Öªº¤@¦¸¿U®Æ»Ý¨D¡C¹ê»Úªº¸`¬ù¤ô¥¨ü¥H¤U¦]¯À¼vÅT¡G(i)AACS»P¬ÛÃöWACS¨t²Î¨C³æ¦ì±¿n¯à·½®ø¯Óªº®t§O¡F(ii)¹w´ÁªºÁ`«Ø¿v±¿n¡F(iii)«Ø¿v±¿n»P¨CºØªÅ½Õ¨t²ÎÃþ«¬ªº¤ñ¨Ò¡C³æ¦ì¯à·½®ø¯Ó¼Æ¾Ú»Ý¸g¹L¯à·½¤ÀªR¨M©w¡C¦b¬ã¨s¤¤¡A®Ú¾Ú¤£¦P°²³]ªºÉ]³õ»Ý¨D¥h±Ä¥Î¤@²Õ«Ø¿v±¿nªº¼Æ¾Ú¡C¦b¶}µo¥Xªº´XÓÉ]³õ½Õ¾ã¤è®×¤¤¡A´yz¤FAACS©MWACS¨t²Î¤G¤Q¦h¦~¤º¤£¦P®É´ÁªºÉ]³õ¦û¦³²v¡C³o¨Ç¤è®×ªí©ú¡]¹ï©ó¹w´Áªº«Ø¿v±¿n¡^¡A¨ì2018¦~ªº¨Ï¥Î´Á¤º¡A¸`¬ù¯à·½ªº½d³ò±q620¦Ê¸U«×¡]°²©w¨ì2018¦~¡A¦³ªÅ½Õªº°Ó·~«Ø¿v¤´¦³70%ªº±¿n¨Ï¥Î®ð§NªÅ½Õ¡^ª½¦Ü¹ê»Ú¤Wªº1600¦Ê¸U«×¡]¹ïÀ³¦³50%±Ä¥ÎWACS¡A¨ä¤¤20%¬ODCS¡^¡C³o¨Ç¸`¬ù¥X¨Óªº¯à·½¬Û·í©ó¦b¬Û¦P±ø¥ó¤U¨Ï¥ÎAACS©Ò®ø¯Óªº°Ó·~¥ÎªÅ½Õ¯à¶qªº5%¨ì10%¡C»Ýª`·N³o¬O³Ì²×¥Î³~¶qªº¸`¬ù¦ôºâÈ¡C¦bµo¹q¤è±ªº¸`¬ùµ{«×ÁÙµy°ª©ó³Ì²×¥Î³~¶qªº¸`¬ù¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó´î¤Ö¤FÃä»Ú¿é¹qªº¬y¶q·l¥¢©M°t¹q·l¥¢¡C
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Energy Reductions;
WACS systems use less energy to provide a given amount
of cooling. These energy savings at the individual facility
level translate into reduced electricity generation
requirements, and hence reduced primary fuel requirements.
The actual level of savings would depend on: (i) the
difference between the energy consumption per unit area
of AACS and the relevant WACS systems; (ii) the total
floor area projected; and (iii) the proportion of floor
area given over to each type of air conditioning system.
The unit energy consumption data were determined by
energy analysis. A set of floor area projections was
adopted for the study as described under market and
demand assumptions. Several market take-up scenarios
describing various market shares of AACS and WACS systems
over twenty years were developed. These scenarios show
that (for the gross floor area projections assumed )
the end-use energy savings by 2018 range from 620 GWh
(which assumes that 70% of air conditioned commercial
GFA remains served by air-cooled systems in 2018) up
to a practical upper limit of 1,600 GWh (which corresponds
to 50% adoption of WACS of which comprises 20% of DCS).
These energy savings represent 5% to 10% of the commercial
air-conditioning energy use that would otherwise be
consumed by AACS. Note that these are end-use savings
estimates. The savings in electricity generation requirements
would be slightly higher than the end-use savings, due
to flow-on reductions in marginal transmission and distribution
losses.
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Àô¹Ò¤è±¡G¥Ñ©ó¨Ï¥ÎWACS¥i¥H´î¤Ö¹ï¯à¶qªºn¨D¡A¦b§ó¼sªxªº½d³ò¤ºÀ³¥ÎWACS´N¯à´î¤Ö»´ä¦Uµo¹q¯¸§N«o¤ôªº±Æ©ñ¡A³o¼Ë´N¦³¾÷·|´î¤Ö§t¼ö¦Ã¤ô±Æ©ñ©M³B²z¨t²Îªº¤Æ¾Çª«½è¤§¦³Ãö¼vÅT¡C¦¹¥~¡A¬Û¹ï©óAACS¨Ó»¡¡AWACS³]³ÆªºÀuÂI¦b©ó¤@Ó¤H¤f°ª«×±K¶°ªº«°É]Àô¹Ò¤¤¡A©Ò²£¥Íªº¾¸µ¼vÅT¸û¤Ö¡C»´ä¹q¤Oªº¤@³¡¤À¬O¨Ó¦Û®Ö¹q¯¸¡A¤£´²µo·Å«Ç®ðÅé¡A¦ýÁÙ¦³³¡¤À¬O³q¹L·Ñ©M¤ÑµM®ðÅéµo¥Xªº¹q¡A¦Ó·|±Æ©ñ·Å«Ç®ðÅé¡C¥Ñ©ó³¡¤À¤¤´Á¤Î°ª®p´Áªº¹q¤O¬O±q·Ñ¤Î¤ÑµM®ð¹q¼tµo¥Xªº¡A¹ê¬IWACS±a¨Óªº¸`¯à®ÄªG±N´î¤Ö¹q¤O»Ý¨D¡C¦]¦¹¡AWACSªº¸`¯à¥i¥H´î¤Ö·Å«Ç®ðÅ骺±Æ©ñ¡C±Æ¥Xªº·Å«Ç®ðÅé¥Dn¦¨¤À¬Oµo¹q²£¥Íªº¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ¡]CO2¡^-
µo¹q¹Lµ{©M¨Ï¥Î§N·Ñ©Ò²£¥Íªº¨ä¥¦®ðÅé¬Û¹ïCO2³£¥i©¿²¤¤£p¡C¦b¼sªx±Ä¥ÎWACS±ø¥ó¤U¡A¨ì2018¦~¡A·Å«Ç®ðÅ骺¨C¦~±Æ©ñ¶q¸û°ª©M¸û§C¦ôpȶȤÀ§O¬°¶W¹L90¸U¾·CO2¡]¹ïÀ³¤W¤å©Òz1600¦Ê¸U«×ªº¸`¯à±¡ªp¡^¡A¥H¤Î34¸U¾·CO2¡]¹ïÀ³¤W¤å©Òz630¦Ê¸U«×ªº¸`¯à±¡ªp¡^¡C
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Environmental;
given the reduced energy requirements of WACS, the wider
use of WACS has the potential to reduce cooling water
discharges from Hong Kong's power stations, thus reducing
impacts associated with the discharge of heated effluents
and system treatment chemicals. In addition, WACS plant
have the advantage over AACS in that they are less likely
to cause adverse noise impacts in a densely populated
urban environment. Some of Hong Kong's electricity is
generated by nuclear plants, which do not emit greenhouse
gases and some from coal and some from gas, each of
which do emit greenhouse gases. Energy savings from
the implementation of WACS would reduce electricity
generation requirements from plants that supply the
daytime intermediate and peak loads, which are coal
and gas plants. Hence WACS energy savings would reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. The dominant greenhouse gas
emitted is carbon dioxide (CO2) from electricity
generation _ emissions of other gases from electricity
generation and from use of refrigerants are negligible
by comparison. Upper and lower estimates of annual greenhouse
gas emissions by 2018 through the wider adoption of
WACS are about 900 kilotonnes of CO2 (which
corresponds to the 1 600 GWh of energy savings described
above) and about 340 kilotonnes of CO2 (which
corresponds to the 620 GWh of energy savings described
above).
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¡P
©µ¿ðµo¹q¯¸ªº¼W«Ø¡G¨Ï¥ÎWACS¨t²Î¹Lµ{¤¤ªº¯à¶q¸`¬ù¡A¤]´î¤Ö¤F¹q¤O¨t²Î¦b°ª®p®Éªºt²ü¡A¥Dn¬O¨º¨Ç®L©u°Ó·~¥ÎªÅ½Õªº¥Î¹q¶q¡C°ª®p´Át²ü»Ý¨Dªº´î¤Ö¾ÉP¤F¹ïµo¹q¯à¤On¨Dªº°§C¡A©Ò±a¨Óªº¦n³B´N¬O©µ¿ð¼W«Øµo¹q¯¸¡C¹ï¨Ï¥Î´Á®pÈt²ü´î¤Ö¶qªºÂ²³æ¦ôºâ¡A¬O³q¹L¸`¯àpºâ©M°²©w¨C¦~³sÄò¹B§@3800¤p®É±o¨ìªº¡C¨ì2018¦~¡A¦ôpȪºÅܤƬO±q160¥ü¥Ë¡]¹ïÀ³¤W¤å©Òz¨C¦~1600¦Ê¸U«×¸`¯à¶q¡^¦Ü¹ê»Ú¤¤ªº³Ì°ªÈ432¥ü¥Ë¡]¹ïÀ³¤W¤å©Òz1600¦Ê¸U«×¸`¯à¶q¡^¡C³o¬O¤ñ¸û«O¦uªº¦ôpÈ¡A¦]¬°¨C¦~ªº¹ê»Ú¯Ó¹q¶q»P³]¬I¨t²Îªº®pÈ¡A·|¦b®L¤Ñ¸û°ª¦Ó¦b¥V¤Ñ¸û§C¡A¤]¦]¬°¹ê»Ú¤¤µo¹qªº´î¤Ö¶q·|²¤°ª©ó¨Ï¥Î´Á°ª®p¬qt²üªº´î¤Ö¶q¡A¨äÂk¦]©ó´î¤Ö¤FÃä»Ú¿é¹q²£¥Íªº¬y¶q·l¥¢¡B°t¹q·l¥¢©M«á³ÆÃä»Ú¶qn¨D¡C
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Power Station Deferment;
The reduced energy consumption of WACS systems throughout
their hours of use, also brings about reduced contribution
to electricity system peak loads, which are driven by
summer day commercial air conditioning use. Reduction
of peak demand leads to reduced need for generation
capacity, the benefits of which may be realised from
deferment of power stations. The simple estimates of
end use peak load reduction use the energy saving calculations
and assume constant operation throughout 3 800 hours
of operation per year. The estimates by 2018 range from
160¡@y saving calculations and assume constant operation
throughout 3 800 hours of operation per year. The estimates
by 2018 range from 160¡@MW (corresponding to the scenario
with 620 GWh annual energy savings described above)
to the practical upper limit of 2 MW (which corresponds
to the 1 600 GWh energy saving figure above). These
are conservative estimates, because actual consumption
would be higher in summer and lower in winter, coinciding
with the utility system peak, and because the actual
reduced generation capacity requirement would be somewhat
higher than the end-use peak load reduction due to reduction
in marginal transmission and distribution losses and
reserve margin requirements.
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¹ï©óªA°È°Ó¡G
|
To Service Providers:
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¡P
°Ó·~¾÷·|¡GWACS¬°¨p¤H°Ñ»P´£¨Ñ¦³Ãö§N«o¤ôªºªA°È³Ð³y¤F¾÷·|¡C¦¹°Ó¾÷»P20¦~«Oµý´Á¥[¤W»P«Ø¿vª«·~¥Dñ©wªº¦X¦P¡A¥i¨ë¿Eªø´Á§ë¸ê°Ê¾÷¡Cªø´Á¦X¦P¨ÏªA°È°Ó¯à°÷ªø»·¦a³W¹º©M³]pªÅ½Õt²ü¡A¤]½T«O¤F¤@©wªº§ë¸ê¦^³ø²v¡C
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Business Opportunity; WACS
provides opportunities for private sector participation
in the provision of cooling water services. The business
opportunities associated with the securement of 20-year
plus contracts with building owners provides incentives
for long term investments. The long-term contracts enable
the service provider to plan and design for air conditioning
loads in the long-term and ensure a rate of return on
investment.
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¡P
³W¼Ò¸gÀÙ¡GªA°È°Ó¯à°÷«Ø³y°ª®Ä²vªº¾÷²Õ¡A¨Ã¯à¤ñ¿W¥ß«Ø¿vª«·~¥D§ó¦³®Ä¦a¹B§@¡C¦pªG¤@®M¾÷²Õªº³W¼Ò«Ü¤j¡A¥¦¤]³\¦³¸ê®æ¨ó°Ó¤@ӧ󦳧l¤Þ¤Oªº¤j¶q¥Î¹qªº¦¬¶O¼Ð·Ç¡CªA°È°Ó¤]¦³¾÷·|§Q¥Î§Þ³N¨Ï¤è®×§ó¥[§¹µ½¥H°§C¦¨¥»¡A¨Ò¦p¼ö¶qªº¦sÀx¡C
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Economies of Scale;
the service provider can build very efficient plants
and operate them more efficiently than can individual
building owners. If a plant is very large it may qualify
for bargaining a more attractive bulk electricity tariff
rate. There are also opportunities for the service provider
to reduce his costs using technologies which can optimise
a particular scheme such as thermal storage.
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¡P
§ï¶i²ü¸ü¨t¼Æ¡G±N§N«o¤ô³]¬I»P¼ö¶q¦sÀx±µ¦X°_¨Ó¡A§âªÅ½Õt²üÂಾ¦Ü«D°ª®p¬q¡]¦p©]¶¡¡^ªº°Ê¤O¡C³oºØ°ª®p´Á°Ê¤O»Ý¨Dªº´î¤Ö§ïµ½¤Fµo¹q¯¸ªº²ü¸ü¨t¼Æ¡A¤]¯à¨ÏªA°È°Ó³q¹L¹ï¦¬¶O¼Ð·ÇªººÞ²z¡A¨Ï¥Î§ó«K©yªº«D°ª®p¹q¤O¦Ó±o¨ì¦n³B¡C
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Improved Load Factor;
combining cooling water services with thermal storage
shifts air conditioning load to off-peak (night time)
power. This reduction in peak power demand improves
the power station load factor and also provides benefit
to the service provider in terms of cheaper off-peak
power through a tariff arrangement.
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«È¤áªA°È¾÷·|¡G¤@Ó§N«o¤ôªA°È°Ó¨ü©e¦«´£¨Ñ§N«o¤ô®É¡A¦pªG¦w±Æ±o·í¡A¤]¥i´£¨Ñ¨ä¥¦¼WȪA°È¡A¨Ò¦p§ï¶i¯à·½®Ä¯q¡A´ú¸Õ¹B¦æ¡A¹B§@©MºûÅ@¡A¥H¤Î»·¶ZÂ÷ªººÊ´ú©M±±¨î«Ø¿vª«¡C
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Customer Service Opportunities;
a cooling water service provider entrusted to supply
cooling water would be well positioned to offer additional
services such as energy efficiency retrofits, commissioning,
operation and maintenance, and remote monitoring and
control of building.
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
|
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WACSªº¯ÊÂI
|
Disbenefits
of WACS
|
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¹ï©ó«Ø¿vª«·~¥D
|
To Building Owners
|
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¡P
ªø´Á¦X¦P¡GÅU«È³q±`·|³Qn¨Dñ¸p¤@Ó20¦~ªº¦X¦P¡C³o¼Ë¦³¨Ç·~¥D¥i¯à¤£Ä@·N°Ñ»P¶°¤¤¦¡WACS¤è®×¡C¹ïDCS©MCPSSCC¤è®×´N§ó¬O¦p¦¹¡C¹ï©óCPSSCT¤è®×¡A¨Ñ¤ô¤]³\¬O»P«Ø¿vª«³s±µªº¤@¶µ°ò¥»³]¬I¡C
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Long Term Contracts;
the customer would typically be required to sign a 20-year
contract. This may discourage some building owners from
participating in a centralised WACS scheme. This may
be more so for DCS and CPSSCC schemes. For CPSSCT schemes
the water supply may be an essential utility connection
to the building.
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¡P
§N«o¤ô¨ÑÀ³°Óªº¥i¾a«×¡G«Ø¿vª«·~¥D·|¤ñ¸ûÃö¤ßªA°È¨ÑÀ³©M¨ä«á³Æ³]¬IªºÃ§´©Ê¡C³o¨Ç°ÝÃD»Ýn¦b¥ô¦ó¦X¦P©Î¨óij±ø´Ú¤¤ª`©ú¡A¨Ò¦p¤£«ö¦X¬ù¥æ¥IªA°Èªº»@«h¡A¼È°±ªA°Èn¹w¥ý³q§ip¹º¡A´£¨Ñ«á³Æ³]¬Iµ¥¡C
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Reliance of Cooling Water Provider; building
owners would be concerned about the security of supply
and back-up facilities. These issues would need to be
addressed in the terms of any contract or Agreement
e.g. penalties for non-delivery, planned shutdowns,
back-up services, etc.
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¡P
É]³õ¤O¶q¦³¥i¯à³QÀݥΡG¦pªG¨S¦³«ê·íªº¦X¦P©Î²¨©ó³WºÞ¡ADCS©ÎCPSSCC¨t²Îªº¨ÑÀ³°Ó¦³¥i¯à³q¹Lª½±µ©Î¶¡±µªº±±¨î«Ø¿vª«ªºªÅ½Õ³]¬I¨Ó¨ú±o¤£¦X²zªº°ªÃB§Q¼í¡C
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Potential for Abuse of Market Power;
without proper contracts or regulatory oversight, DCS
or CPSSCC system providers might be able to earn unreasonable
levels of profit as they will have direct or indirect
control of air-conditioning services in the building.
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¹ï©ó¤½²³
|
To the Public
|
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¡P
°ò¦³]¬Iªº¹ê¬I¡G ¦bWACS°ò¦³]¬I¹ê¬I¹Lµ{¤¤©Ò²£¥Íªº¬I¤u¼vÅT¡A¦p¹ïªÅ®ð©M¾¸µ¦Ã¬V¡A²£¥Í¦Ç¹Ð©M¼vÅT¥æ³q¡A¥Ñ¦¹·|§«Ãª¤½²³¡A¤Þ°_¤Ï·P¡C¦b²{¦³¨t²Î§ï³y¦¨WACSªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤]¥i¯à¹ï²{¦³ªÅ½Õ¨t²Î³y¦¨§«Ãª¡C
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Implementation of Infrastructure;
construction impacts during the implementation of WACS
infrastructure can cause disruption and public nuisance
through air and noise pollution, dust and traffic impacts.
There may also be disruption to existing air conditioning
systems during any conversion to WACS.
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¡P
°·±d¼vÅT¡G¦b§N«o¶ð¤¤¨Ï¥Î²H¤ô®É·|²£¥Í¤@¨Ç¤½²³Ãöª`ªº°·±d°ÝÃD¡C¾¨ºÞ¥Ø«e¦³Ãö©ó§N«o¶ð¨Ï¥Î©M¹w¨¾°h¥îx¤H¯f¯gªº¤u§@¦u«h¡A¦ý¥[±j§N«o¶ðªººûשM³WºÞ¡A¥H¤Î¹ï°h¥îx¤Hµß´ú¸Õªºªk³W©M±±¨î¨t²Îªº¥²n©ÊÀ³µ¹¤©¦Ò¼{¡C¦]¦¹¡A§N«o¶ð¨Ï¥Î®ü¤ôÀ³¤©¥H¹ªÀy¡C
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Health Impacts;
there are health concerns regarding the use of freshwater
in cooling towers. Although there is a current Code
of Practice concerning the use of cooling towers and
the prevention of Legionella the necessity of regulatory
and control systems for enforcing compliance for maintenance
and the monitoring of cooling towers and testing for
Legionella may need to be considered. Therefore the
use of seawater in cooling towers should be encouraged.
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¡P
¤g¦aªº·l¥¢¡G
¦³¤@¨ÇWACS¤è®×»Ýn¤@¾ã¶ôªº¤g¦a©Î¦û¾Ú¦a¤UªºªÅ¶¡¡A³o·|¬O¤@ºØªÅ¶¡¥i®¿¥Î§@¨ä¥¦¥Î³~ªº·l¥¢¡C¹ï©ó¤@Ó³æ¿WªºWACS¶}µo¶µ¥Ø¡A¦p¦ó¯à´î¤Ö¤g¦a¨Ï¥Îªº¤èªk±N¦b«á¤å¤¤°Q½×¡C
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Loss of Land; some
of the WACS schemes could potentially require substantial
parcels of land or take up underground space which may
be considered as a loss of opportunity space. Methods
for minimising the use of land for the sole development
of WACS are discussed later.
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¡P
¹ï®ü¬vÀô¹Ò¤¤±Æ©ñ¡G¥¿¦p¤W¤å¤¤´£¨ìªº¡Aµo¹q¯¸§N«o¤ôªº¦Ã¤ô±Æ©ñ©M¨t²Î³B²z¤Æ¾Çª«½èªº¦³ÃöªºÁ`¶q©M¼vÅT¦³¼ç¤O³Q´î¤Ö¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦b§ó¦hWACS¶}µo¤è®×¤¤¯A¤Î¨ì¦b«D´`Àô©Êªº¨Ï¥Î¤ô·½¡A³o¼Ë¤]¥i¯à¨Ï±Æ©ñ¨ì®ü¬vÀô¹Ò¤¤ªº§t¼ö¦Ã¤ô½è¥H¤Î¨t²Î³B²zªº¤Æ¾Çª«¼Æ¶q¦³¤@©wªº¼W¥[¡C
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Discharge of Effluents to Marine Environment;
As mentioned above, there is the potential to reduce
the volume and impacts associated with cooling water
discharges and system treatment chemicals from power
stations. However, it is likely that for some WACS development
scenarios involving the wider use of water on a once-through
basis there would be a net increase in the volume of
heated effluent and system treatment chemicals being
discharged to the marine environment.
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¹ï©óªA°È°Ó
|
To Service Providers
|
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¡P
Ãe¤j¸êª÷ªº§ë¤J¡G¹ï¤@¨ÇWACS¤è®×¡A¯S§O¬ODCS¤è®×¡A¸ê¥»ªº§ë¤J«D±`°ª¡A¨Ã¥B¬°¶µ¥Ø¶i¦æ¥²nªº¸êª÷Äw±¹¤]¤Q¤À¤£©ö¡C
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Large Initial Capital Investment;
for some of the WACS schemes, particularly DCS schemes,
the level of capital investment would be very high and
it may not be easy to arrange the necessary finance
for the project.
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¡P
ÅU«Èªº²V²c¡G¼ç¦bªº«È¤á¥i¯à¹ï¨³³tÂX®iªºWACS¤è®×ªº¹ê¬I¦³²V²c¡A¥t¥~¤]¸ûÃø°Ï¤À«È¤á©M«Ø¿vª«¦û¥Î¤H¡C
|
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Customer Confusion;
potential customer confusion with the more widespread
implementation of WACS schemes may exist and a clear
distinction may be difficult to make between customers
and occupiers of buildings.
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°]°È»P¸gÀÙµû¦ö
¿ï¶µ¤ÀªR
|
Financial
and Economic Assessment
Options Analysis
|
|
¦b»´ä¡A¬°¤F´ú¸ÕWACS¨t²Îªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡A³q¹L°]°È¤ÀªRµû¦ô¤F¸û¼sÁï½d³ò¤ºªº¦UӤ象A¥H½T©w¨t²Îªº°Ó·~¥Í¦s¯à¤O¡A³q¹L¸gÀÙ¤ÀªR±q¾ãÓªÀ·|ªº¨¤«×½T©w»Ý¨D«×¡C¸gÀÙ¤ÀªR»P°]°Èµû»ùªº¤£¦P¤§³B¦b©ó¥¦µû»ù¶µ¥Ø¹ï©ó¾ãÓªÀ·|¦Ó¨¥ªº¦¨¥»©M¦¬¯q¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥u¹ï©óWACS¤è®×ªº¹B§@¤½¥q¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦b°]°È¤ÀªR¤¤¡A¥Î¤ô¦¨¥»¬O®Ú¾Ú¤ô°È¸p¡]WSD¡^ªº¦¬¶O¼Ð·Çpºâªº¡CµM¦Ó¡A³oÓ¦¬¶O²v¬O¥]§t¤F¬F©²µ¹¤©ªº³\¦h¸É¶Kªº¡C¹ï©ó¸gÀÙ¤ÀªR¡A¬O¥]¬A¨Ñ¤ôªº¹ê»Ú¦¨¥»ªº¡A¤]´N¬O¤£p¬F©²¸É¶Kªº¼vÅT¡C
|
In order to test the viability of
WACS systems in Hong Kong a wide range of options have
been subjected to financial analysis, to determine commercial
viability, and economic analysis and to determine desirability
from the perspective of society as a whole. The economic
analysis differs from the financial appraisal in that
it assesses costs and benefits to society at large rather
than to just the firms that would be operators of WACS
schemes. For example, in the financial analysis water
use is costed at the rate charged by Water Supplies
Department (WSD). However, this rate is heavily subsidised.
For the economic analysis, the true cost of water is
included, i.e. without the effects of Government¡¦s
subsidy.
|
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¦@¦³54Ó¿W¥ßªºWACS¤è®×©M3Ó¥HAACS¬°°ò¦ªº¹ê¨Ò±µ¨ü¤F°]°È©M¸gÀÙµû¦ô¡C¦b¤Uªí¤¤¦C¥X¤Fµû»ùµ²ªGªººKn¡Aªí©ú»P¥HAACS¬°°ò¦ªº¹ê¨Ò¤ñ¸û©M¸`¬ù¶qªº±¡ªp¡G
|
A total of 54 separate WACS scheme
options and three base case AACS options have been subject
to financial and economic appraisal. A summary of the
results, showing savings against the base case AACS
options are summarised in the following table:
|
¡@
¡@
¡@
|
WACS§Þ³N©M
¤ô·½
|
¸gÀ٤象G
»P¬Û¦P¯à¤OAACS¤ñ¸û
ªº¸`¬ù¶q
|
°]°È¤è±¡G
»P¬Û¦P¯à¤OAACS¤ñ¸û
ªº¸`¬ù¶q
|
¡@
|
WACS
Technology
and Water
Source
|
Economic:
Savings Against Identical Capacity AACS
|
Financial:
Savings Against Identical Capacity AACS
|
|
20MW¤è®×
|
¡@
|
¡@
|
¡@
|
20
MW Schemes
|
¡@
|
¡@
|
|
CPSSCT -
²H¤ô
|
2%
|
6%
|
¡@
|
CPSSCT _
fresh water
|
2%
|
6%
|
|
CPSSCT _
¨RúۥΤô
|
>0%
|
>0%
|
¡@
|
CPSSCT _
flushing water
|
>0%
|
>0%
|
|
40MW¤è®×
|
¡@
|
40MW
Scheme
|
|
CPSSCT -
²H¤ô
|
2%
|
6%
|
¡@
|
CPSSCT _
freshwater
|
2%
|
6%
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A¼ö¶q¦sÀx¡A²H¤ô
|
2%
|
5%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, thermal store, fresh water
|
2%
|
5%
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A¼ö¶q¦sÀx¡A®ü¤ô
|
4%
|
4%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, thermal store, sea water
|
4%
|
4%
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A®ü¤ô
|
3%
|
3%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, sea water
|
3%
|
3%
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A²H¤ô
|
2%
|
5%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, fresh water
|
2%
|
5%
|
|
DCS - ºÞ¹D¡]´²¼ö¾¹¡^¡A®ü¤ô
|
2%
|
2%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ piped
(heat exchangers), sea water
|
2%
|
2%
|
|
DCS - ¼ö¶q¦sÀx¡AºÞ¹D¡A®ü¤ô
|
1%
|
1%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ thermal
store, piped (heat exchangers), sea water
|
1%
|
1%
|
|
200MW¤è®×
|
¡@
|
200
MW Schemes
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A¼ö¶q¦sÀx¡A®ü¤ô
|
23%
|
23%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, thermal store, sea water
|
23%
|
23%
|
|
DCS - ºÞ¹Dªº¡]´²¼ö¾¹¡^¡A®ü¤ô
|
22%
|
23%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ piped
(heat exchangers), sea water
|
22%
|
23%
|
|
DCS - ¼ö¦sÀx¡AºÞ¹Dªº¡]¼ö¥æÁÙ¾¹¡^¡A®ü¤ô
|
21%
|
21%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ thermal
store, piped (heat exchangers), sea water
|
21%
|
21%
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A¼ö¦sÀx¡A²H¤ô
|
21%
|
25%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, thermal store, fresh water
|
21%
|
25%
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A®ü¤ô
|
21%
|
23%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, sea water
|
21%
|
23%
|
|
DCS - §N«o¶ð¡A²H¤ô
|
20%
|
24%
|
¡@
|
DCS _ cooling
towers, fresh water
|
20%
|
24%
|
|
CPSSCC -
®ü¤ô
|
6%
|
6%
|
¡@
|
CPSSCC _
seawater
|
6%
|
6%
|
|
CPSSCT _
®ü¤ô
|
3%
|
3%
|
¡@
|
CPSSCT _
sea water
|
3%
|
3%
|
|
CPSSCT -
²H¤ô
|
2%
|
6%
|
¡@
|
CPSSCT _
fresh water
|
2%
|
6%
|
¡@
¡@
¡@
|
¤Wªíªí©ú¡A»PAACS¬Û¤ñ¡AWACS¦b¸gÀÙ©M°]°È¤è±¬O¨ã¦³Àu¶Õªº¡C°ò¥»ªºWACS§Þ³N¦b°]°È©M¸gÀÙ¤W¤£¨ã³ÆÀu¶Õªº¤è±¬O¦b«Ø¿vª«¤º§N«o¶ðªº¼o¤ô¦A§Q¥Î¤W¡C³o¨Ç¡§¥¼²b¤Æªº¥Í¬¡¼o¤ô¡¨ªº¿ï¾Ü¤è®×¤¤¨S¦³¤@Ó¬O¤ñAACS§ó¬°¦³®Ä¯qªº¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó»P¹B¦æ¼o¤ô³B²z¨t²Î¬ÛÃöªº¸êª÷©MÀç¹B¶O¥Î¬Ò¤£¯à°÷©è®ø¯Ó¤ô¤è±ªº¤Ö¶q¸`¾l¡C
|
The table illustrates those options
that are economically and financially viable when compared
to AACS. The principal WACS technology that appears
to have no merit in financial or economic terms is the
reuse of waste water in cooling towers of buildings.
None of these ¡§grey
water¡¨ options are more cost-effective
than AACS as the capital and operating costs associated
with operating waste water treatment systems do not
offset the small savings in water consumption that are
realised.
|
|
µ²½×
¥Ñ¦¹¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A¹ï©ó¥ô¦ó³W¼Òªº¶µ¥Ø¨Ó»¡¡AWACS¨t²Î³£¤ñAACS¨t²Î§ó¨ã¦³¦¨®Ä¤WªºÀu¶Õ¡A¾¨ºÞ¥¦ªº§Þ³NÀH³W¼Ò¤£¦P¦ÓÅܤơC¬°¤Fµû»ùµ²ªGªºÃ©w©Ê¡A¦¹¬ã¨s¹ê¬I¤F«Ü¦h¦¸ªº±Ó·P«×´ú¸Õ¡A¥]¬A¡G
|
Findings
It can therefore be seen that at
any scale of implementation, WACS systems are likely
to have cost advantages over AACS, although the preferred
technology does change with scale. In order to assess
the robustness of the results a wide number of sensitivity
tests have been undertaken. These include:
|
|
¡P
¤g¦a»ù®æªºÅܤơA¥H¤Ï¼v¤EÀs©M»´ä®q¤g¦a¦¨¥»ªºÉ]³õ»ùÈ¡F
|
¡P
variations in the price of land to reflect market
values for Kowloon and Hong Kong Island land costs;
|
|
¡P
¹ï²{¦s¼Ó¦t¶i¦æWACS¤è®×ªº§ï³y¡F
|
¡P
retrofitting of WACS schemes into existing buildings;
|
|
¡P
´î¤Ö10%ªº¹q¶O¡A¥H´î¤Ö»P¯à¶q¬ÛÃöªº¦¨¥»¸`¬ù¡F
|
¡P
reducing power charges by 10%, so as to reduce
the cost savings associated with energy efficiency;
|
|
¡P
¼W¥[10%ªº¤ô¶O¡F
|
¡P
increasing water charges by 10%;
|
|
¡P
À³¥Î¤@Ó10%ªº°Ó·~¹ê»Ú§é¦©²v¡A¥H¤Î
|
¡P
using a commercial real discount rate of 10%;
and
|
|
¡P
±N°t°eºÞºôªºªø«×©µªø¦Ü10¤½¨½¡]Âл\25¥¤è¤½¨½ªº¦a°Ï¡^
|
¡P
extending the length of the distribution pipe
network to 10km, (maximum coverage area of 25km2)
|
|
®Ú¾Ú¸gÀÙ©M°]°È¤ÀªR¡A°£¤FCPSSCC ©MCPSSCT¤è®×¥~¡A¦b©µªøºÞºô¦Ü10
¤½¨½ªº±¡ªp¤UWACS¤è®×¦b©Ò¦³¹ê¬I³W¼Ò¤W«ö·Ó±Ó·P«×´úÅ窺¤è®×³£¬O¥i¦æªº¡C
|
Under both the economic and financial
analysis, WACS options remained viable at all scales
of implementation under the sensitivity test scenarios,
except for a few CPSSCC and CPSSCT options with 10km
pipe network.
|
|
¹ê¬I°ÝÃD¤Î¨î¡G
É]³õµû»ù¤Î»Ý¨D¹w´ú
|
IMPLEMENTATION
ISSUES & CONSTRAINTS
Market
Assessment and Demand Forecast
|
|
³q¹L¦V¤@¨Ç¥Ø«e¥¿¦bÀç¹B¤ô§N¦¡ªÅ½Õ¨t²Îªº¥Dn¦a²£µo®i°Ó©M«Ø¿vª«·~¥D¡A¥H¤Î¥»´äªº¨â¶¡¤j«¬¹q¤O¤½¥q¶i¦æ«t¸ß¡A¨Ó©ú½T´£¥X¦³Ãö¦b»´ä¹ê¬IWACSªºÃöÁä°ÝÃD¡C
|
Consultations have been undertaken
with a number of leading property developers and building
owners which currently operate water cooled air conditioning
systems, as well as with the two major power companies
in Hong Kong, with a view to identifying the key issues
associated with implementation of WACS in Hong Kong.
|
|
¥i¥H½T©w¡A¹ï©ó¦b»´ä¤¶²Ð©M±À¼sWACS¬O¦³´¶¹M¿³½ìªº¡A¦ý¤]¦³¤@¨ÇÃöª`ªº°ÝÃDn¦b¦¹´£¥X¡C³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¥]¬A¬F©²»P¨p¤H¾÷ºc¤À§O§êºtªº¨¤¦â¡A°]°È¥i¦æ©Ê¡A»P¾ãÅé¨ÑÀ³¦³Ãöªº«Oµý¡A¥H¤Î¦b²{¦³¦a°Ï½d³ò¤º¹ê¬I¦a°Ï¨t²Îªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C¦pªG³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¦³º¡·Nªº¸Ñ¨M¤è®×¡A¨º»ò·|¦³¤@©w¼Æ¶qªº³Q«t¸ßªÌì«h¤W¦³¿³½ì¦b¬Y¤@¦a°Ï¦¨¬°¤@ÓWACS¨t²Îªº«È¤á©ÎÀç¹B°Ó¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥un¨î«×¡A°]°È©M¹ê¬I¤Wªº°ÝÃD³£±o¨ì¤F¸Ñ¨M¡A¥i¥H»{¬°¡A¹ïªA°Èªº´£¨Ñ©M±µ¨ü¨â¤è±³£¦³¼ç¦bªº»Ý¨D¡C
|
It was identified that there was
a general interest in the introduction and extension
of WACS in Hong Kong, but that a number of key concerns
need to be addressed. These concerns include the respective
roles of the Government and the private sector, financial
viability, guarantees with regard to integrity of supply
and the practicability of implementing district wide
systems within existing urban areas. It was established
that, subject to the satisfactory resolution of such
issues, a number of the consultees would be interested
in principle to become either customers or operators
of a WACS system in individual districts. It is, therefore,
considered that there is potential demand both to provide
and receive the service, provided that institutional,
financial and implementation issues can be resolved.
|
|
¤g¦a»P¦a²£
|
Land
and Property
|
|
³\¦hªº¼ç¦b°ÝÃD©M¨î¡A©¹©¹¯A¤Î¤g¦a©M¦a²£¤è±¡C¬F©²¦³¥²n¦Ò¼{¦p¦ó¬°³Ì²×ªºWACSÀç¹B°Ó¦b°ò¦³]¬Iªº¹ê¬I¤è±¦w±Æ¤g¦a¡C
|
A number of potential issues and
constraints exist from a land and property perspective.
It will be necessary for the Government to consider
how it intends to allocate land for the implementation
of infrastructure to the eventual operator of any district
wide WACS scheme.
|
|
¦b¹ê¬IWACS®É¦³¤g¦a¤è±ªº»Ý¨D¡A¦ý°²³]WACS¦b¡§¤g¦a«ì´_±ø¨Ò¡¨©Î¤g¦a¬Fµ¦¤è±¨Ã¤£¥Nªí¡§¤½¦@¥Î³~¡¨¡A
³o«K¦³¥²n©ú½T¦p¦ó¯àÀò±o³o¨Ç¤g¦a¡C³o¤]·N¨ýµÛ»Ý¦Ò¼{¬°ºÞ¹D©M¨ä¥L°ò¦³]¬I©Òµo¥Xªº¦a§ÐÅv¤Î°õ·ÓÅvªº±¹¬I¡C
|
In the event that any land acquisition
is required in order to implement the scheme it will
be necessary to establish how such acquisition is to
be undertaken, given that the introduction of WACS on
a district basis may not represent a "public purpose"
in terms of the Lands Resumption Ordinance or from the
perspective of land policy. The means via which easements
and licenses can be created for pipelines and other
infrastructure will also need to be considered.
|
|
¦@¦P¶}µoWACS°ò¦³]¬I©M°Ó·~¦a²£ªº¾÷·|±N»Ýn®Ú¾Ú¤g¦a¬Fµ¦¡A°Ó·~¥i¦æ©Ê©M¹ê»Úªº¹ê¬I°ÝÃDµ¥§@¶i¤@¨B½Õ¬d¡C
|
The opportunities for joint development
of WACS infrastructure and commercial property will
need to be further investigated in terms of land policy,
commercial viability and practical implementation issues.
|
|
µû»ù¤g¦a¸ÉÀvª÷©M¦³Ãö¹D¸ô³q¦æ¶O¥Îªº³~¸g¤]»Ýn«Ø¥ß¡A¨Ì¾a©Ò±Ä¥Îªº¨î«×®Ø¬[¨Ó«P¶iWACSªº¹ê¬I¡C
|
The approach to the assessment of
land premium and fees for easements and wayleaves will
also need to be established, depending upon the institutional
framework that is adopted to facilitate the implementation
of WACS.
|
|
¨î«×©M³W«h
|
Institutional
and Regulatory
|
|
WACS¨t²Îªº¤Þ¶i©Î·|¬°¦ûÀu¶ÕªºWACS¨ÑÀ³°Ó´£¨Ñ¾÷·|¡A³q¹LÃbÂ_¦a¦ìÀò±o¤£¦X²zªº¶WÃB§Q¼í¡C¦Ü©óDCS©MCPSSCC¤è®×¡A«Ø¿vª«ªº¾Ö¦³¤H¡B¦û¦³¤H¡B¤Î¯²¤á¥i¯à·|¹ï³¡¤ÀªÅ½Õ°ò¦³]¬I¥¢¥h±±¨îÅv¡C
|
The introduction of WACS systems
could potentially provide opportunities for dominant
WACS suppliers to use a monopoly position to make unreasonably
high profits. In the case of DCS and CPSSCC schemes,
a part of the air conditioning infrastructure could
be outside the control of the tenants and the building
owner and occupier of the property.
|
|
³o»P®ð§N¦¡©Î§N«o¶ð¨t²Îªº±¡ªp¤£¦P¡A°£¤F¤ô¹q¨ÑÀ³¥~¡AªÅ½Õ¨t²Î¥]§t¦b«Ø¿vª«¦Û¨¤§¤¤¡C¦b³oºØ¨t²ÎÃþ«¬¤U¡A«Ø¿vª«¾Ö¦³¤H³q±`·|¦¬ªÅ½Õ¶O¡C·í¦¬¶O¼Ð·Ç©T©w¤U¨Ó¡A©Ò¦³·~¥D¬Ò·|·NÃѨ찪ÃBªºªÅ½Õ¶O¥Î±N¼vÅT¯²¸î»ùÈ¡C
|
This is unlike the situation for
air-cooled or cooling tower systems where, apart from
water and power supplies, the air-conditioning system
is self-contained within a building. With these types
of systems, the building owner typically will determine
air-conditioning charges. When setting charges, the
owner is aware that high cooling charges will detract
from rental values.
|
|
¦pªG¤@ÓDCS©ÎCPSSCC¨ÑÀ³°Ó¤£¬O«Ø¿vª«ªº·~¥D¡A¥L¤£·|Ãö¤ß³oÓ°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¯²»ùªº¤U¶^¤£·|¼vÅT¥Lªº¦¬¤J¡C¤£¹L¡A·í¤@´É«Ø¿vª«³s±µ¨ì¤@Ó¦a°Ï½d³òªº¨t²Î¡A¨Ã¥B¤£¦A¦³¯à¤O´£¨Ñµ¹¦Û¤vµÎ¾Aªº§N®ð¡]¯S§O»P·s«Ø¿v¬ÛÃö¡^¡A«h¥~¶¡ªº¨ÑÀ³ªÌ¨ã¦³¹ê»Ú¤WªºÃbÂ_¡C
|
If a DCS or CPSSCC provider is not
the building owner, this will not be a concern, as the
decline in rental values would not affect his income.
Moreover, once a building has invested in connecting
to a district-wide system, and no longer has the capacity
to provide its own comfort cooling (particularly relevant
for new buildings), the external supplier has a de facto
monopoly.
|
|
³o»P¥Ø«e¹q¤O¨ÑÀ³ªº±¡ªpÃþ¦ü¡A¦Ó¥B³o¤]¬O¬°¤°»ò¹q¤O¤½¥q®Ú¾Ú±±¨î¤è®×¨ü¨ìºÊºÞ¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦b«Ü¤jµ{«×¤W®Ú¾Ú©Ò¾Ö¦³¤Hªº©Ê½è¦Ó©w¡C¥H¤U¹ÏªíÃѧO¤F©Ò¦³¤£¦P·~ÅvÃþ§t¸q¡G
|
This is similar to the situation
with electricity supply at present, and is why the power
companies are regulated by the scheme of control. However,
much will depend on nature of the owner. The following
table identifies the implications of different types
of ownership.
|
|
¦w±Æ
|
ÀuÂI
|
¯ÊÂI
|
¡@
|
Arrangement
|
Advantage
|
Disadvantage
|
|
¨p¤H/¤½¦@³]¬I¤½¥q
|
°ò©ó¦¨¥»¦^¦¬¡A¨å«¬ªº¦^³ø²v©M§Q¼í§Î¦¡¡A¨p¤H/¤½¦@³]¬I¤½¥q¤Q¤ÀÄ@·N§ë¸ê¦b³y»ù©ù¶Q¦ý®Ä²v°ªªº³]¬I¤W
|
¼ç¦bÀÝ¥ÎÉ]³õ¤O¶qÀò¨ú¤£¦X²zªºªº§Q¼í¡C§ë¸êÃB¤j¡A¥u¦³¤Ö¼Æ¤½¥q¦³¨¬°÷¸ê·½¶}µo¨t²Î¡C¥Ñ©óÀç¹B¦¨¥»¥iÂà¶ù¥ÎªÌ¡A¹ï°ª®Ä¹B¦æ¤£·|¦³«Ü°ªªº¿n·¥©Ê¡C
|
¡@
|
Private
/ Utility Company
|
Strong incentive
to invest in more expensive, but efficient equipment
due to recovery of cost and typically rate of return
type of profit.
|
Potential
for abuse of market power to gain unwarranted profits.
Very cost intensive, small number of companies with
sufficient resources to develop system. As operating
costs are simply passed through, may not have big incentive
toward efficient operation.
|
|
µo®i°Ó
|
©Ó¯²¤H³q±`¬O¦b¦³«Oµýªº¦X²z¯²ª÷¤§¤U°Ñ»P¡A¹ï¤j«¬¶}µo¶µ¥Ø¸û²z·Q¡C
|
¤É¯Å§xÃø¡C¸g±`¯Ê¥Fp¶q¡C¶}µo°Ó±N¬°¸û§Cªº¦w¸Ë¶O¥Î¦ÓÄ묹¯à·½®Ä¯q¡C¥Ñ©óÀç¹B¦¨¥»¥iÂà¶ù¥ÎªÌ¡A¤£·|¹ï°ª®Ä¹B¦æ¦³«Ü°ªªº¿n·¥©Ê¡C
|
¡@
|
Developer
Based
|
Tenant representation
hence often assured of reasonable rates. Ideal for large
developments.
|
Difficult
to upgrade. Metering often lacking. Developer will sacrifice
energy efficiency for lower installation cost. As operating
costs are simply passed through, may not have big incentive
toward efficient operation.
|
|
¡@
¿W¥ß¾Ö¦³¤H/¬F©²
|
»P¬F©²¨t²Î¦b¦¬¶O¤W¨S¦³ª§Ä³¡C¤É¯Å°ò©ó¾ãÓ«Ø¿v/°|°Ïªº»·´º³W¹º
|
¬F©²²Õ´³q±`»Ýn§ó¦hªº®É¶¡¨Ó§@¥X¤É¯Åªº¨M©w¡C³æ¿W·~¥Dªº¨t²ÎÁÙ¥i¯àªA±q¦æ°Ê«´¬ù(Deed
of Mutual Covenant - DMC)
|
¡@
|
Single Owner/
Government
|
No disputes
on billing with Government system. Upgrades based on
whole building/ campus outlook plans.
|
Government
based organisations typically require more time to make
upgrade decisions. Single owner systems may still be
subject to Deed of Mutual Covenant (DMC).
|
¡@
|
°ò©ó¼ç¦b«È¤áü®¤ßÉ]³õ¤O¶q¦³¥i¯à³QÀݥΡA¹ê¬I¤W«K¼ç¦b¤@©w»Ùê¡C§JªA³o¨Ç»Ùꪺ¥i¿ï¾Ü¤è®×±N¦b«á¤å¤¤´£¥X¡C
|
As potential customers are aware
of the possibility for market abuse, this is a potential
barrier to implementation. Possible options to overcome
this are given later.
|
|
§Þ³N
|
Technical
|
|
WACS¤è®×ªº¦ì¸m¡B¶}µo©M¹ê¬I¦b«Ü¤jµ{«×¤W¨M©w¦bþÓ°Ï°ì©Î¦a°Ï±N³Q¶}µo¡C¬ã¨sµ²ªGªí©ú¡A¦b·s¶}µo°Ï¹ê¬I¶µ¥Ø±N¤ñ¦b²{¦³«°°Ï¤º¹ê¬I§ó¬°Â²©ö¡C
|
The location, development and implementation
of WACS schemes will be largely dependent on the area
or district where the scheme is to be developed. The
study has concluded that it will be more straightforward
to implement WACS in new development areas than existing
urban areas.
|
|
µL½×¹ï©ó·s°ÏÁÙ¬O²{¦³°Ï¡A»PWACS¦³Ãöªº¥Dn§Þ³N¨î³£¬O¤j³W¼Ò°ò¦³]¬Iªº¹ê¬I¡A¦p¥¨¤jªº¨ÑÀ³ºÞ¡A±Æ©ñ¨t²Î¡A©¤Ã䬦¤ô¯¸©M¦a°Ï©Êªº¤j«¬§Ná¾÷²Õ¡]DCS¡^µ¥¡A¥H¤Î¹ï¦a¤è¦³Ãö¨Ñ¤ô¡A±Æ¦Ã©M±Æ¤ôªº°ò¦³]¬I¤§¼vÅT¡C
|
The main technical constraints associated
with WACS in both a new and existing area are the implementation
of large-scale infrastructure such as large diameter
supply pipes, discharge systems, coastal pumping stations
and large district nf_chiller plants (DCS) and the impacts
on local water supplies, sewerage and drainage infrastructure.
|
|
Àô¹Ò
|
Environmental
|
|
¼sªxªº¨Ï¥ÎWACS¥i¥H¹ïÀô¹Ò²£¥Í©úÅ㪺¯q³B¡AµM¦Ó¡A¹ï©ó¸ê·½ªº¹B¥Î¬O¦³¼ç¦bªº¼vÅT¡C¦b»´ä¡A§ó¼sªxÀ³¥ÎWACSªº¥Dn¸ê·½¹ê½è¬O»P¥Î¤ô¦³Ãöªº¡CCPSSCC¤è®×©MDCS¤è®×¡A¬O±N¼ö¶q±Æ©ñ¨ì®ü¬vÀô¹Ò¡A»Ýnª½±µªº®ü¤ô¨ÑÀ³¡A¦Ó²Õ¦¨§N«o¶ðªº¨t²Î¯à°÷¨Ï¥Î¤ô°È¸p¨ÑÀ³ªº²H¤ô/®ü¤ô¡A¥H¤Î¨ä¥¦ªºªº¤ô·½¡A¦p¥¼²b¤Æªº¥Í¬¡¼o¤ô¡C¦b©ú½T¦aªí¹FWACS¹ê¬Iµ¦²¤®É¡A¨Ñ¤ô°ÝÃD»Ýn¦b¾ãÅé¤W¡A¥H¤ÎÓ§Oªº°ò¦¤W¶i¦æ½Õ¬d¡C
|
Whilst the wider use of WACS has
the ability to generate significant environmental benefits,
there are, however, potential implications with respect
to resource utilisation and knock-on environmental impacts.
The major resource implication of the wider use of WACS
in Hong Kong relates to the use of water. CPSSCC schemes
and DCS schemes dissipating heat to the marine environment
need to be supplied directly with seawater, whilst systems
that incorporate cooling towers can use WSD supplied
freshwater/seawater, as well as alternative water sources
such as grey water. During the formulation of WACS implementation
strategies, water supply issues need to be investigated
on a cumulative as well as on a case-by-case basis.
|
|
Ãö©óWACS¼ç¦bªºÀô¹Ò¼vÅT¡A³Ì¤jªº¼ç¦b¼vÅT¬O¥ÑWACS²£¥Í¦Ã¤ôªº±Æ©ñ¾ÉPªº¡CCPSSCC¤è®×©MDCS¤è®×¡]±N¼ö¶q´²µo¨ì®ü¬vÀô¹Ò¤¤¡^²£¥Íªºª«½è¦]¬°¯A¤Î¨ìªº¶q«Ü¤j¡A³q±`n±Æ¤J®ü¬v¡C¥Ñ©ó³o¨Ç¦Ã¤ô§t¼öªº¯S©Ê¡A¥H¤Î¥¦Ì§t¦³¤Æ¾Ç³B²z¥Îª«½èªºt²ü¡A¨Ï±oÀô¹Ò¹ï¥¦Ìªº¥i±µ¨ü©ÊÀ³·í¦b²Ö¿n¤W¡A¥H¤ÎÓ§Oªº°ò¦¤W¶i¦æ½Õ¬d¡C¨Ï¥Î§N«o¶ð´²µo¼ö¶qªºCPSSCT©MDCS¤è®×ªº¦Ã¤ô¡A¤@¯ëÀ³¦b±Æ¨ì«B¤ô¨t²Î¤§«e³B²z¡C¦p¤@¨Ç°ê®a¤@¼Ë¡A±Ä¥Î±N¦Ã¤ô±Æ¤J¤½¦@¦Ã¤ôºÞªº°µªk¡AÀ³¸Óª`·N¨ì²{¦³©M³W¹º¤¤ªº¦Ã¤ôºÞªº®e¶q¡A¥H¤Î¦Ã¤ô³B²z¯à¤O¥u¯àº¡¨¬©Ð«Îp¹º©M¹w´Á¤H¤f¼Wªø±a¨Óªº¢¤Á»Ýn¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥u¦³·í¹ê¬I¤F¶i¤@¨Bªº¸Ô²Ó½Õ¬d¡A¨Ã½T©w¹ï©ó¨ãÅ骺¤è®×¦³¨¬°÷ªº´I¾l¯à¤O¡A¤£·|¦b¥ô¦ó¤è±¹ï°ò¥»¦Ã¤ô³]¬I³y¦¨¼vÅT¡A¤~¥i¥H±N¸Ó¨Ç¼o¤ô±Æ¤J¤½¦@¦Ã¤ôºÞ¡C
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With regard to the potential knock-on
environmental impacts of WACS, the greatest potential
impacts result from the discharge of WACS effluents.
Effluents from CPSSCC schemes and DCS schemes (dissipating
heat to the marine environment) generally must be discharged
to sea due to the high volumes involved. Due to the
heated nature of these effluents, as well as their treatment
chemical load, the environmental acceptability of these
discharges must be investigated on a cumulative as well
as on a case-by-case basis. Effluents generated by CPSSCT
schemes and DCS schemes dissipating heat to cooling
tower would generally be treated prior to their discharge
into the storm drain system. On the practice of discharging
the effluent into public sewers as adopted in other
countries, it should be noted that the existing and
planned sewerage and sewage treatment capacity could
barely meet the pressing demand introduced by the housing
programme and the projected population growth. As a
result, discharging the wastewater into public sewers
may be pursued only if further detailed investigation
demonstrate that there is adequate spare capacity for
specific schemes without joepardizing the service to
the primary sewage infrastructure users in any respect.
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¥ô¦ó¥]¬A§N«o¶ðªº²H¤ôWACS¤è®×¤¤¡A»P¦³Ãö°h¥îx¤Hµßªº¤HÅé°·±d·ÀI³£¥²¶·µ¹¤©¦Ò¼{¡C¦b¥ô¦óWACS¹ê¬Iµ¦²¤ªºµo®i¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¨¾¤î°h¥îx¤Hµß¯e¯fªº¤u§@¦u«h¤@©wnÄY®æ°õ¦æ¡A¦P®ÉÁÙÀ³¦³³Wµ{¡A¥H¦³®Ä¦a¹ï§N«o¶ð¶i¦æµù¥U¡AºûסA±±¨î©MÀË´ú¡C
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Human health risk associated with
Legionella must be considered for any freshwater WACS
schemes that incorporate cooling towers. During the
development of any WACS implementation strategy, the
recommendations of the Code of Practice for the Prevention
of Legionnaires¡¦
Disease must be rigorously followed and backed up with
procedures that allow for effective cooling tower registration,
maintenance, control and monitoring.
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¦b³o¥÷ªì¨B¶¥¬q¬ã¨s¤¤¡A¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¤£¯à¸Ñ¨MªºÀô¹Ò°ÝÃD¡AµM¦Ó¡A¥¦«ü¥X·í¨ãÅé¼vÅT¤Q¤À©úÅã¡A¥H¤Î¦b¬Y¨Ç¯S©wªºÀô¹Ò¤U¡A»Ýn¦b¤U¤@¶¥¬qªº¹ê¬I¹Lµ{¤¤¶i¦æ±Æ¦Ã©M±Æ¤ô¼vÅTªºµû¦ô¡C
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This preliminary phase study has
not identified any particular insurmountable environmental
problems, however, it has indicated where specific impacts
may be significant and where specific environmental,
sewerage and drainage impact assessments need to be
carried out during the next stages of implementation.
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§JªA¹ê¬I¨îªº¦æ°Ê
³W¹º»P¶}µo
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ACTIONS
TO OVERCOME IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTS
Planning
and Development
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¦b²{¦³ªº«°É]¦a°Ï¡A´M§ä³õ¦a¨Óº¡¨¬»PWACS¦³Ãöªº°ò¦³]¬I¬O¤Q¤À§xÃøªº¡C¤@¥¹¦Ò¼{¨ì¶µ¥Ø·|¦b³o¨Ç¦a°Ï¹ê¬I¡A¬F©²±N»Ýn¸Ñ¨M¤g¦a¦A§Q¥Î©M¦b¨p¤H¤g¦a¤W«Ø³yªþÄÝ«Ø¿vª«ªº°ÝÃD¡C³o¤]³\»Ýn¼á²M¡AWACSªº¤Þ¶i¬O§_¥Nªí¡§¤@ºØ¤½¦@¥Î³~¡¨
- ¤¹³\³o¼Ë¶i¦æ¦¬¦a¡A¥H¤Î¤@Ó·s±ø¨Òªº¤Þ¶i¡A»P¹q®ð±ø¨Ò¡]«Ø³yªþÄÝ«Ø¿vª«¡^©Î¹q°T±ø¨ÒÃþ¦üªº¡C
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In existing urban areas it will
be difficult to identify sites and land to accommodate
infrastructure associated with WACS. In the event that
it is considered that the concept should be implemented
in these areas, the Government will need to address
the issue of land resumption and creation of easements
through private property. This may require clarification
as to whether the introduction of WACS would represent
"a public purpose" to allow such land acquisition
to take place and the introduction of a new Ordinance,
with similar provisions to the Electricity (Creation
of Easements) Ordinance or the Telecommunications Ordinance.
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±q·s¶}µo¦a°Ïªº¨¤«×¨Ó»¡¡A±N¦³¥²n«Oµý¾A¦XWACSªº³õ¦a©M¹w¯d¦a¤w¸g©ú½T©M¤À°t¦n¡A¥H¤Î§¹¦¨¤F¾A·íªº¦æ¬F©Mªk«ßµ{§Ç¥H«Oµý¤g¦a®Ú¾Ú¡§·§¬A¤À°Ï³W¹º(Outline
Zoning Plan)¡¨³Q¦X²z¹º¤À¡C
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In terms of new development areas,
it will be necessary to ensure that appropriate sites
and reserves are identified and allocated for infrastructure
associated with WACS, and that appropriate administrative
and statutory procedures are completed to ensure that
land is correctly zoned upon the Outline Zoning Plan.
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¥t¥~¡A¦³¥²n±q¤g¦a¬Fµ¦©Mªk«ß³W¹ºªº¨¤«×¡A´_®ÖÁp¦X¥Î¤áªºµo®i¬O§_¥i¥H±µ¨ü¡A¥H¤Î«Oµý¦b·s°Ï³W¹º¤¤¦s¦b¨¬°÷ªºÆF¬¡©Ê¡A¨Ï±oÁp¦X¥Î¤áªºµo®i¯à°÷¶i¦æ¡C¤]¦³¥²n¹ïÀÀ«Ø¶µ¥Ø¹ê¬IÃö©ó°Ó·~¥i¦æ©Êªº¶i¦æ«t¸ß¡C
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It will also be necessary to review
whether joint user development is considered to be acceptable
from a land policy and statutory planning perspective,
and if so, to ensure that sufficient flexibility exists
in the planning of new areas such that joint user development
can take place. It may also be necessary to undertake
consultation regarding the commercial viability of the
proposed development.
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¤g¦a¤À°t
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Land
Allocation
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¦bWACS¶µ¥Ø¥Ñ¨p¤H·~¥D¶i¦æªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¥Dn°ò¦³]¬I¥Î¦a·|³q¹L¨p¤H±ø¨Ò©Î³q¹L©Û¼ÐÄv§ë¤À°tµ¹Àç¹B°Ó¡C¦pªG¬O¥Ñ¬F©²³¡ªù¹ê¬I¡A¤g¦a»Ý³q¹L¬F©²¤g¦a¤À°tªº¤è¦¡±o¨ì¡C¹ï³oºØ°ò¦³]¬I±Ä¨úµu´Á¯²¸îªº¿ìªk¡A«ö·Ó¹w´Á¯A¤Î¨ìªº¸ê¥»§ë¤J¤ô¥¡A¹ï©ó¨p¤H·~¥D¨Ó»¡¥¼¥²¬O¥i¦æªº¡C¬°¤F«Oµý¬Ã¶Qªº¤g¦a¸ê·½¦b¥i¯àªº°ò¦¤W±o¨ì¤F¦³®Äªº§Q¥Î¡AÀ³·í¦Ò¼{»P¥ô¦óWACS°ò¦³]¬I¬ÛÁp¤g¦a¨tªºµo®iÅv¡C³oºØ°µªk¤]¯à±q°]°Èªº¨¤«×¨ÏWACS¤è®×ªº¹ê¬I§ó¨ã§l¤Þ¤O¡C
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In the event that the WACS concept
is to be pursued by the private sector, it is anticipated
that land for major infrastructure would be granted
to the operator by way of private treaty or on a competitive
basis as part of a tender. If it were to be implemented
by a Government Department, the land would be made available
via a Government Land Allocation. It is considered unlikely
that a Short Term Tenancy for such infrastructure would
be acceptable to the private sector given the anticipated
levels of capital investment involved. In order to ensure
that scarce land resources are utilised as efficiently
as possible, consideration could also be given to the
granting of development rights in conjunction with any
sites required for WACS infrastructure. Such an approach
may also assist in rendering the implementation of WACS
more attractive to the private sector from a financial
perspective.
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¥ßªk»P³W¨Ò
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Legislation
and Regulation
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ÃöÁ䪺³WºÞªº©M¨î«×ªº¹ê¬I¡A¬O¹ïÉ]³õ¤O¶q³QÀݥζi¦æ¨î¡A¥H¤Î¹ªÀy±Ä¥Î°ª¯à·½®Ä¯qªºªÅ½Õ¨t²Îªº¤èªk¡C
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The key regulatory and institutional
implementation constraints concern potential abuses
of market power and measures to encourage the adoption
of energy efficient air-conditioning systems.
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¬°¤F¨¾¤î¦bDCS©MCPSSCC¤è®×¤U¡AÉ]³õ¤O¶q³QÀݥΡA±Ä¨ú¤@¨Ç³WºÞ¬O¥²nªº¡C¯S§O¬O¦b¨p¤H¤½¥qÀç¹B¡A¤S»P¦a²£·~¥D©Î¯²¤á¨S¦³Áp¨tªº±¡ªp¤U´£¨ÑªA°È®É¡A¤×¨äÅã±o«n¡C¦pªG¬O¥Ñ¤@ӲĤT¤èªº¨p¤HÀç¹BªÌ´£¨ÑªA°È¡A«h¦³¥²n±Ä¨ú¤@¨Ç§Î¦¡ªº»ù®æ³WºÞ¡C¥i¿ï¤è®×¦b¤Uªí¤¤¦C¥X¡C
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In order to prevent abuses of market
power with DCS and CPSSCC schemes, some form of regulation
may be necessary. This will be particularly true if
a private company, with no connection to property owners
or tenants, provides the services. If a third party
private operator is providing the service, some form
of price regulation may be necessary. Potential options
are set out in the table below.
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¡@
¡@
¡@
¡@
|
³W©wªº§Î¦¡
|
ÀuÂI
|
¯ÊÂI
|
¡@
|
Form
of Regulation
|
Advantages
|
Disadvantages
|
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¦^³ø¡G
¡§¦^³ø²v¡¨¡]®Ú¾Ú±±¨î¨óij¤è®×¡^
|
·§©À²³æ
©ö©ópºâ¡A·í³\¥iªº¸ê²£°ò¦½T©w«á
¨ÏºÞ²zªÌ¯à°÷ª½±µ¨î±qÃbÂ_¯SÅvÀò±oªº§Q¼í
|
»Ýn³WºÞ¤H¸Ô²Ó¦aÀˬd³]³Æn¨D©M¸êª÷ªá¶O¡F
«P¨Ï¤½¦@³]¬Iªº¹L¦h«Ø³]
- ¹ï³]³Æªº§ë¸ê¤@¸gºÞ²zªÌ§åã¡A«Oµý·|¦³¦^³ø¡F©T©w²b¸ê²£¶V¤j¡AÀò±oªº¦^³ø²v¶V°ª¡F
¤£¯à¨ë¿Eªí²{ ¦]¦^³ø²v¦³«Oµý¡F
ÄY«§«Ãª»Ý¨D¤è±ºÞ²z¡A°£«D»Ý¨D¤è±§ë¸ê³Q¥]¬A¦b¸ê²£°ò¼Æ¤¤¡A¥H¨Ï¦^³ø¹F¨ì¦Ü¤Ö¦P±q¨ÑÀ³¤è±¸ê·½Àò±oªº¦^³ø¬Û¦P¡C
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¡@
|
Return:
¡§Rate
of Return¡¨ (as per the Scheme
of Control Agreements)
|
Conceptually
simple
Simple to
calculate once the allowed asset base has been determined
Allows the
regulator to constrain directly the profit earned from
the monopoly frannf_chise
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Requires
the regulator to examine plant requirements and capital
expenditure in great detail
Creates
an incentive for utilities to overbuild _ once capital
expenditure on plant is approved by the regulator, a
return is effectively guaranteed: the larger the fixed
net assets, the larger the anf_chievable return
Provides
no performance incentive _- a return is effectively
guaranteed
Creates
a strong disincentive to undertake demand-side management,
unless demand-side investments can be included in the
asset base so that they can earn a return at least equal
to the return that would otherwise be earned from supply-side
resources
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»ù®æ¡G
ÅU«È»ù®æ«ü¼Æ¡]CPI-X¡^ªº¨î¡]¤@¯ë³q¹L¿U®Æ¶O¥Î¡^
|
¬O¤@ºØ¼i¬ù³W©w¡G
¤@¤è±¥¦¤¹³\¤½¦@¨Æ·~¦b¨ä±±¨î½d³ò¤ºÀò±o§Q¼í¦¬¯q¡]¤]´N¬O¤£¦P©ó¿U®Æ»ù®æ¡A³o¤]¬O¬°¤°»ò¿U®Æ»ù®æ¤@¯ë³Q³q¹L¡^¡F¥t¤@¤è±¥¦¤]¤¹³\±N¤@¨Ç§Q¯qÂ൹¥Î¤á¡]³q¹L¡§tX¡¨¦Û°Ê¹ê»Ú»ù®æªº«d´î¡^
|
¤@¥¹³WºÞ´Áªº¦¬¶O¾÷¨î³Q¨î©w¡A·|¤j¤j«P¨Ï¤½¦@³]¬I´£°ª¯à·½¾P°â¶q¡A¦ý§«Ãª±Ä¨ú»Ý¨D¤è±ºÞ²z¸ê·½¤è¦¡¡C
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¡@
|
Price:
Consumer
Price Index (CPI-X) regulation (usually with fuel cost
pass-through)
|
A form of
performance regulation:
on the one
hand it allows the utility to obtain profit rewards
for things within their control (i.e. other than fuel
price, which is why this is usually passed through);
and on the other hand it allows for some benefits to
be passed through to the consumer (via the ¡§minus
X¡¨
automatic real price reduction)
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Once the
tariffs for the regulatory period have been set, the
utility has a significant incentive to increase energy
sales volumes, and a disincentive to pursue demand-side
management resource options
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¦¬¯q¡G
¦¬¯q³W©w
|
±N¾P°â¶q¦P§Q¼í¤À¶}¡A¦]¦¹¥h°£¤F»ù®æºÞ²z¨t²Î§t¦³ªº¾P°â¶q°Ê¾÷¡A¨Ï¤½¦@³]¬I¯à¥H³Ì§C¦¨¥»§ä¨ì²Å¦X«È¤á¯à·½ªA°È»Ý¨D¡C
|
¤ñ¨ä¥L¨t²Î§óÃø©óºÞ²z¡A³q±`»Ýn¤À©î¦¨¥»µ²ºc¡F
¦³¥i¯à¤Þ°_ª§Ä³¡C
|
¡@
|
Revenue:
Revenue
regulation
|
De-couples
sales from revenue, thereby removing the sales volume
incentive inherent in price regulation systems and allowing
utilities to find the least cost way of meeting customers¡¦ energy service requirements
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More complicated
to administer than alternative systems, usually requires
breakdown of cost structure
Potentially
controversial
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ÁöµMn¨D§ó¦hªº³W¨Ò¹ï¬F©²¨Ó»¡¥i¯à¬O¤@Ót¾á¡A¦ýÀ³ª`·N¨ì³oºØ°ÝÃD¦b»´ä©M®ü¥~³£±o¨ì¤F«Ü¦n¦a¹ê½î¡C³q¹L¦X¦Pªº¤èªk¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¼ç¦bªº¥Ù¬Þ¤]¬O¥i¦æªº¡C¦]¦¹¡A³W¨Ò¤£À³¸Ó¬OWACS³Q¼sªx±Ä¥Îªº«¤j»Ùê¡C
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Although the requirement for more
regulation could potentially be a burden on Government,
it should be noted that such issues have been successfully
addressed both in Hong Kong and overseas. It may also
be possible to resolve potential conflicts with contractual
solutions. Regulation should therefore not be a significant
impediment to the wider uptake of WACS.
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§Þ³N
|
Technology
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¦b¨C¤@ÓWACS¤è®×ªº¹ê¬I¤¤¡A¹ï©ó¤À°eºÞºô©M±Æ¤ô¨t²Îªº¦w¸Ë¦³µL¸û¤jªº¨î¡A³£¬O¤@Ó«nªº¦]¯À¡C¦b·s¶}µo©Î·s¶ñ®üªº¦a°Ï¡A³oÓ°ÝÃD¤£¤Ó¬ð¥X¡C
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An important factor in the implementation
of each WACS scheme will be whether there are any major
constraints to installing the distribution pipe network
and discharge pipes. In newly developed or reclamation
areas this is less likely to be a problem.
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»P¾Q³]Ãe¤jºÞ¹D¦³Ãöªº°ÝÃD¡A¯à°÷³q¹L¨Ï¥ÎµL·¾§Þ³N¦Ó±o¨ì½w©M¡A¦p³»ºÞªk©Î·L«¬ÀG¹D¡A¦P®ÉÁÙ¥i¥H´î¤Ö¾¸µ©M¦Ç¹Ð°ÝÃD¡A¥H¤Î´î¤Ö¦w¸Ë´Á¶¡¹ï¥æ³qªº¼vÅT¡CµM¦Ó¡A°£¤F¨Ï¦¨¥»¤£Â_¼W¥[¥~¡A³o¨Ç§Þ³N¤]¤£¯à§¹¥þ®ø°£¨ä¼vÅT¡A¨Ã¥B¹ï¤½¦@Àô¹Ò³y¦¨¤@¨Ç¤£¥iÁקKªº¯}Ãa¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó¥ÎµL¶·«õ±¸À¢§|ªººÞ¹D¦w¸Ë¬O¦³ªø«×¨î¡A¦Ó¥O¨ì¦w¸ËºÞ¹D®É¬O»ÝnÅQ¦û¤@©w¸ô±¡C
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The problems associated with laying
large diameter pipes can be mitigated to a degree through
the use of trenchless techniques such as pipe-jacking
or micro-tunnelling which also minimises noise and dust
problems as well as traffic impacts during installation.
However, as well as increasing costs, these techniques
cannot completely eliminate the impacts and there would
inevitably be some disruption to the general public
since the lengths of trenchless pipe installation is
limited and inevitably some road opening would still
be required for jacking pits and installing the pipe
lengths.
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¹ï©óCSPPCT¤è®×¡A¥Ñ©ó±Ä¥ÎºÞ¹Dªºª½®|¤p¡A´N¦³§ó¤jªº¥i¯à³Q¾Q³]¦b¦æ¤H¹D¤U¡A¦]¦¹¬I¤u©M¦w¸ËªºÁc½Æµ{«×n§C¤@¨Ç¡C»PCPSSCC©MDCS¤è®×¤£¦P¡A¥¦Ì±Ä¥Î¤jª½®|ªººÞ¹D¡A¦]¦¹¡A¦b³\¦h±¡ªp¤U»Ýn¾Q³]¦b¦³§ó¤j¦a¤UªÅ¶¡ªº¦æ¨®¹D¤U¡C
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For CPSSCT schemes the construction
and installation would be slightly less critical as
the pipes would comprise of a smaller diameter and have
a greater potential for them to be laid under footways.
Unlike for CPSSCC and DCS schemes where the larger diameter
pipes would more likely need to be laid under road carriageways
where more underground space is available.
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¦b¨ä¥¦°ê®a¡A¦p¤é¥»¡A¥¿¦b±Ä¥Îªº¤@¶µ¦³§U´î»´¦a¤U³]¬Iªºªý¶ë©M´î¤Ö׸ɶ}«õ¹D¸ô³y¦¨¼vÅTªº§Þ³N¡A´N¬O«Ø³y±Mªùªº©Î¤½¦@ªº¦a¤U³]¬IÀG¹D¡C¹ï©ó¤½¦@ªº¦a¤U³]¬IÀG¹D¡A§N«o¤ôºÞ¥i¥H»P¨ä¥¦¤½¦@ªA°È³]¬I¦p·Ñ®ð¡B¤ô¡B³q°T¡B¹qµ¥¡A¤@°_¦w¸Ë¦bÀG¹D¤¤¡C¾Þ§@©MºûפHû¦b¶i¦æ¤é±`µø¹î©Mײz®É¡A¥i¥H¶i¤JÀG¹D¤¤¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦pªG¦b¹ê¬IWACS¤è®×¤¤±Ä¥Î¤½¦@ÀG¹D¡AÁٻݶi¤@¨B»P¦³Ãö¦U¤è¤@°_¡A´N¨C¤@Ó¨ãÅé¤è®×¡A¬ã¨s©Ò¦³¾Ö¦³Åv¡Aªk«ß©M¦X¦Pªº¥æ¬É°ÝÃD¡C
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A technique adopted in other countries,
such as Japan, to help reduce the congestion of buried
services and to minimise the amount of disruption caused
by digging up roads for repairs is to build dedicated
or common utility tunnels. For the latter, the cooling
water pipes can be located within the tunnels along
with other utility services such as gas, water, telecommunication,
power, etc. Operation and maintenance teams for routine
inspection and repair can access the tunnels. However,
the adoption of utility tunnels for a WACS scheme would
need further consideration due to the ownership, legal
and contractual interface issues with the various parties
concerned for each specific scheme.
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¬ã¨s¬O°²³]CPSSCC¤è®×¡A®ü¤ô¬¦¤ô¯¸©M¤Þ¤J¸Ë¸m¶ZÂ÷®ü©¤½u©M±NnªA°Èªº«Ø¿v©Ò¦b¦a³£«D±`ªñ¡CÀu¤Æ¤g¦a¨Ï¥Î©M±N¬¦¯¸«Ø¦b¶Z®ü©¤¸û»·ªº¤º³°¡A©Î±N¥¦¥]§t¦b½XÀY«Ø¿v¤¤µ¥¤è®×ªº¥i¯à©Ê»Ý°w¹ï¨C¤@Ó¨ãÅé¦a°Ï¡A¦b¸g¹L¸Ô²Ó½Õ¬d«á¨M©w¡C
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The study has assumed that for CPSSCC
schemes, the seawater pumping stations and intakes would
be located fairly close to the seafront as well as the
district comprising the buildings being served. The
potential for optimizing land-use and locating the seawater
pumping station further inland or incorporating it into
a jetty or pier structure can be investigated in more
detail for each specific district.
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¤ô½è¬O¤@Ó»PWACS¤è®×ªº¼i¦æ¡B¹B§@¡B°·±d©M¦w¥þ¬ÛÃöªºÃöÁä§Þ³N°ÝÃD¡C¹ï©óCPSSCT¤è®×¡A¸Éµ¹¤ôªº½è¶q¬O¤Q¤À«nªº¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A·L¥Íª«¥Íªø¡A³W¼Ò§Î¦¨©M¹ï§N«o¶ð¤Î¦³Ãö³]³Æªº»G»k¡C¥Ñ©ó»Ýn§N«o¶ð³B²zªº¤ô¶q»P¨ä¥¦WACS¤è®×¤ñ°_¨Ó¬Û¹ï¸û¤Ö¡A¦b¥i¯àªº±¡ªp¤U
¡A ¥Î¤ô°È¸p¨Ñ¤ô§ó¬°¾A©y¡C
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Water quality is a key technical
issue that relates to the performance, operation and
health and safety of WACS. For the CPSSCT schemes the
quality of make-up water in terms of potential microbiological
growth, scale formation and corrosion to cooling towers
and associated equipment is of key importance. As the
quantities of water for cooling tower make-up are low
in comparison with other WACS schemes, it is considered
more appropriate for WSD supplies to be used for these
schemes where possible.
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¦¹¥~¡A¬ã¨sÁÙµû¦ô¤F§â²{¦³«Ø¿v¤¤ªºAACSÂà¤Æ¦¨WACSªº±¡ªp¡AÁ`µ²¦p¤U¡G
|
The conversion of existing buildings
from AACS to WACS has been assessed and is summarised
as follows:
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¹ï©ó¤j¦h¼Æ«Ø¿vª«¡AÂà´«©M³s±µCPSSCC¤è®×®É»Ýn§ï°Ê«Ø¿vªº§Ná¤ô´`Àô¨t²Î¡A¨Ï§Ná¤ô¾÷²Õ±q«Î³»¦ì¸m²¾¨ì¦a¤U«Ç¡A©Î«Ø¿vª«ªº¸û§C¼Ó¼h¤W¡C
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For the majority of buildings, the
conversion and connection to a CPSSCC scheme, would
require modifications to the building¡¦s
nf_chilled water circulation to enable the relocation of
the nf_chiller plant from the roof level to the basement
or a lower floor level of the building.
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·í«Ø¿vª«»PDCS¤è®×³s±µ®É¡A¤]¦³¥²n¹ï§Ná¤ô¨t²Î¶i¦æÃþ¦üªº×§ï¡A¦Ó¤£»Ý¦b«Ø¿vª«¤¤¦w¸Ë§Ná¤ô¾÷²Õ¡C¬°¨Ï»P§N«oÁ`ºÞªº³s±µÅܱo®e©ö¡A¹ï«Ø¿vª«°µ¤@¨Ç¤pªº§ï°Ê¤]¬O¥²nªº¡C
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For connection of a building to
a DCS scheme, similar modifications to the building
nf_chilled water system would be necessary, however no
nf_chiller plant would need to be installed within the
building. Some minor building modifications would be
necessary to facilitate the connection to the cooling
mains.
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¦Ü©óCPSSCT¤è®×¡A±qAACS¨ìWACSªºÂà´««h§ó¬°ª½±µ¡A¦]¬°¦b«Î³»¦w¸Ëªº®ð§N¸Ë¸m¥i¥Hª½±µ³Q¤@Ó¤ô§N¸Ë¸m©M§N«o¶ð¥N´À¡A¦Ó¤£¹ï«Î³»ªºµ²ºc²ü¸ü²£¥Í¤jªº¼vÅT¡C§ï¶iªº¥i¦æ©Ê±N¥Ñ¨C¤@´É«Ø¿vª«¦U¦Ûªº¨î±ø¥ó¨M©w¡C
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In the case of CPSSCT schemes the
conversion from AACS to WACS is straightforward since
the roof mounted air-cooled plant can be directly replaced
by a water-cooled nf_chiller plant and cooling towers without
significantly affecting roof structural loads. The feasibility
for retrofitting will depend on the limitations of each
building.
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¹ê¬Ip¹º
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IMPLEMENTATION
PROGRAMME
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¬F©²¥»¨Óªº·N¦V¬O¹ê¬I¤@Ó³sÄòªº¤T¶¥¬qWACS«t¸ß¬ã¨s¡Cų©ó¦b¥Ø«eªì¨B¶¥¬qªº¬ã¨s¤¤¡A½T©w¤F¥HWACS¥N´ÀAACSªº¥¿±©M¹ê½èªº¦n³B¡A§ÚÌ«ØijÀH«á¶i¦æªº¡§¤¤´Á¹ê¬I¡]¶¥¬q1¡^¡¨©M¡¨µ¦²¤©Ê¹ê¬IÅU°Ý¬ã¨s¡]¶¥¬q2¡^¡¨À³³Q½Õ¾ã¬°¤@Ó¡§¬ÛÅ|¨BÆJ¡¨¡C³o·N¨ýµÛ±N²Ä¤G¶¥¬qªº¬ã¨sp¹º¥[§Ö¶i¦æ¥H©M²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¬ã¨s«Å|¡C³o¼Ë°µªº¦n³B¦b©ó¯à°÷¦bì¨Óªº³sÄò¨BÆJ¹ê¦æ¤§«e´N±N¾A©y±Ä¥Î¤ñ¸û§C±K¶°«×WACS°ò¦³]¬I¡A¦pCPSSCTªº¦a°Ï½T©w¤U¨Ó¡C
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The original intention of Government
was to take a sequential approach to conduct a WACS
Consultancy Study of 3 phases. In view of the positive
and substantial benefits of adopting WACS instead of
AACS identified by this Preliminary Phase Study, we
suggest the ¡§sequential
approach¡¨
of subsequent ¡§Intermediate Implementation
(Phase¡@Intermediate Implementation (Phase¡@¡¨
and ¡§Strategic Implementation
Consultancy Studies (Phase 2)¡¨ should be re-adjusted
to an ¡§overlapping approach¡¨.
This implies that the Phase 2 Study Programme will need
to be accelerated to overlap with the Phase 1 Study.
The advantages of the latter approach are that some
districts suitable for less intensive WACS infrastructure
approach such as the CPSSCT scheme could be identified
much earlier than the former sequential approach.
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¥¼¨ÓWACS¤è®×ªººî¦X©Ê¹ê¬I¬Fµ¦©Mµ¦²¤ªº³W¹º©M§Î¦¨¡A±N³Ì²×¬°µo®i°Ó¡B³]pªÌ©M«Ø¿vª«·~¥D´£¨Ñ¦bªÅ½Õ¸Ë¸m¤W±Ä¥Î¸`¯à§Þ³Nªº¾÷·|¡C¬°¹F¨ì³o¨Ç¥Ø¼Ð¡A¬ã¨sªº¤U¨âÓ¶¥¬q§@¬°¡§¬ÛÅ|¨BÆJ¡¨¡A¥ÑEMSD©e¥ô¡A±N¦b¬ù¨â¦~¥bªº®É¶¡§¹¦¨¡C
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The proper planning and formulation
of a comprehensive implementation policy and strategy
for future WACS schemes in Hong Kong will ultimately
provide opportunities for developers, designers and
building owners to adopt more energy efficient technology
in air conditioning plant. To anf_chieve these objectives
the two further phases of the study are to be commissioned
by EMSD that will take approximately two and a half
years to complete for the ¡§overlapping approach¡¨.
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³o¤@¥÷ªì¨B¶¥¬q¬ã¨s¬°·Ç³Æ¶i¦æÀH«áªº¤@¶¥¬q©M¤G¶¥¬q¬ã¨s¡A§¹¦¨¤F³Ì°ò¦ªº¤u§@¡C¤@¶¥¬qªº«ÂI±N©ñ¦b¦a°Ï½d³òªº¬ã¨s¡A¬ã¨s¤TºØ¤£¦PWACS¤è®×ªº±¡ªp¡A¨Ã½s¨î¬ÛÃö¤å¥ó¡A¥H«K¬F©²½T©w¾A©yªº¶µ¥Ø¶i¦æµ{§Ç¨ÃµÛ¤â¹ê¬I¡C¦b²Ä¤G¶¥¬q±N¶i¦æºî¦X©Êªº¥þ´ä¬ã¨s¡A³q¹L¦Ò¹î¤£¦P¦a²z°Ï°ì¤¤¥i±Ä¥ÎªºWACS¤è®×¡A§Î¦¨°Ï°ì½d³òªºWACSÁ`Åé³W¹º¡A¨Ã®Ú¾Ú¦U¦a°Ï¬ÛÀ³»Ýnªº°ò¦³]¬I¡A¥H¤Î¶·¹ï²{¦³°ò¦³]¬I¡A¦p±Æ¦Ã¡B±Æ¤ô¡B¤ô¹q¨ÑÀ³µ¥²£¥Íªº¼vÅT¶i¦æµû¦ô¨Ã§@¥X¬ÛÃö«Øij¡C³o¨Ç±¹¬I±N¦³§U©ó¬°WACS¦b»´äªº¹ê¬I§Î¦¨ªø´Áªºµ¦²¤©M¬Fµ¦¡C
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This Preliminary Phase Study provides
the basic groundwork for facilitating preparation of
the following Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. Phase 1 will
focus on a district-wide study where three different
schemes of WACS will be examined, and documentation
prepared to enable Government to decide on the suitable
project delivery process and to proceed to implementation.
Phase 2 will be a comprehensive territory-wide study
which will formulate the WACS Master Plan for the whole
territory by examining and identifying specific geographic
areas in which adoption of WACS might be feasible and
make recommendations regarding the corresponding infrastructure
that may be required and also address the impacts on
existing infrastructure such as sewerage, drainage,
water and power supplies. This will facilitate the formulation
of a long-term strategy and policies for the implementation
of WACS in Hong Kong.
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³Ì¥ý¬ã¨s¹ê¬IWACSªº¤TÓ¦a°Ï¤¤²Ä¤@Ó³Q½T©w¬°ªF«n¤EÀsµo®i°Ï¡]SEKD¡^¡Cų©ó¤½²³¹ï©ó1998¦~9¤ë¬F©²¾Ë³ø¥ZµnªºSEKD¤À°Ïp¹º¤jºõ¹Ï¡]OZP¡^«î¦³³\¦h¤Ï¹ï·N¨£¡A¥Ø«e©Ý®i¸p¡]TDD¡^¡A³W¹ºÀô¹Ò¦a¬F§½¡]PELB¡^©M«°¥«³W¹º©eû·|¡]TPB¡^¥¿¦b¹ïSEKDªº·§©À¶i¦æÂЮ֡C¦b·í«e¶¥¬q¡Aª½¨ìTDD¡BPELB©MTPB§¹¦¨ÂЮ֤§«e¡A¦b¬ã¨s¤¤¹ïSEKDp¹ºªºÅܤưµ¥ô¦ó²q´ú³£¬O¤£¾A©yªº¡C¦b¥»°õ¦æºKn¤¤©Òzªºªì¨B²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¬ã¨sªºp¹º©MÃöÁä¸ô®|¡A¤£À³§«ÃªTDD¦b¹ïSEKD¬ã¨s¶i¦æ¶i¤@¨BÂЮ֮ɪºµo²{©Mµ²½×¡A³Ì²×ªº²Ä¤@¶¥¬q¬ã¨sp¹º¶·¬ÛÀ³×§ï¡C
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The first of the three districts
to study implementation of WACS has initially been identified
as South East Kowloon Development (SEKD). At present,
the concept of SEKD is being reviewed by TDD, PELB and
TPB in view of the large number of objections from the
public against the OZP for SEKD gazetted in September
1998. It would be, however, inappropriate at this stage
and for this study to make any guess for a changes in
the SEKD programme until TDD, PELB and TPB complete
the review. The preliminary Phase 1 Study programme
and critical path stated in this Executive Summary shall
not pre-empt the findings and conclusions of the further
Review Study of SEKD conducted by TDD, and the final
Phase 1 Study programme shall be revised to suit.
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¹Ï4.1A©M4.1BÅã¥Ü¤F¤TÓ¦a°Ï¬ã¨sWACSªºªì¨B¹ê¬Ip¹º¡A¥H¤Î¦b¬ã¨s¥þ´ä¹ê¬IWACSªº¸Ô²Ó±¡ªp¡C
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Figures 4.1A and 4.1B show the preliminary
implementation study programme for WACS at the three
districts and the formulation of details for implementing
WACS territory-wide.
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§@¬°¦¹¶µ¬ã¨sªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¹ê¬Iµ¦²¤±N¬O¬YºØ§Î¦¡ªº³]p-«Ø³y-¿Ä¸ê-Àç¹BÅé¨t¡CµL½×¥Ñ¬F©²¡]¤è®×A¡^©Î²Ä¤@¶¥¬qÅU°Ý¡]¤è®×B¡^¶i¦æ¸ê®æ¹w¼f©M½s¨î¼Ð®Ñ¡A·í¦X¦P±Â¤©«á¡A¦¨¥\ªº§ë¼Ð¤H/¦³¯à¤OªºWACSÀç¹B°Ó±Nt³dWACS³]³Æ©M°ò¦³]¬Iªº¸Ô²Ó³]p¡C
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The implementation strategy proposed
as part of this study will be some form of Design-Build-Finance-Operate
arrangement. With either Government (option A) or the
Phase 1 Consultant (option B) carrying out the prequalification
and tender preparation and in both cases the successful
tenderer/potential operator of WACS being responsible
for the detailed design of the WACS plant and infrastructure
to be undertaken after contract award.
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¦bp¹º¤º¡A©Û¼Ð±N»Ýn¨Æ¥ý±o¨ì¥²nªº³W¹º¡AÀô¹Ò©M¤g¦a³\¥i¡CµM«á¡ASEKDªº©Û¼Ð¡B¦X¦P±Â¤©©M¬I¤u±N©ó2004¦~¶}©l¡A¨Ã©ó2007¦~§¹¦¨¡C¥t¥~¨âÓ°Ï¡A¥Ø«e¼È©w¬°¤@Ó¶ñ®ü°Ï©M¤@Ó²{¦³«°°Ï¡A±N¤À§O©ó2007¦~©M2008¦~§¹¦¨¡C
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Within the programme, tendering
will require the necessary planning (OZP amendments),
environmental and land approvals to be cleared in advance.
Thereafter, tendering, contract award and construction
activities for SEKD is shown to commence in 2004 with
commissioning in 2007. For the other two districts,
assumed to be a reclamation area and an existing urban
area, the implementation would be completed by 2007
and 2008 respectively.
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µ²½×©M«Øij
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CONCLUSIONS
& RECOMMENDATIONS
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³q¹Lªì¨B¶¥¬q¬ã¨s¥i¥H±o¥Xªºµ²½×¬O¡A¦b»´ä§ó¼sªx¦a±Ä¥ÎWACS©Ò¨ú±oªº¸gÀÙ©MÀô¹Ò¤Wªº¦¬¯q¬Û¹ïAACS¦Ó¨¥¬O«Ü¤jªº¡C
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The Preliminary Phase Study has
concluded that compared against AACS the economic and
environmental benefits of adopting WACS on a wider basis
in Hong Kong are substantial.
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±q½Õ¬d¹LªºWACS¤è®×¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A¥¦Ì¦b¦UºØÀç¹B³W¼Ò¤W³£¨ã¦³§Þ³N©MÀô¹Òªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡A¥H¤Î°]°È©M¸gÀÙ¤Wªº¥i¦æ©Ê¡C
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The WACS options investigated have
been found to be both technically and environmentally
feasible and also financially and economically viable
at a range of operating scales.
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¾¨ºÞ¤]ÅãÅS¤F¤@¨Ç§Þ³N¡BÀô¹Ò©M¤g¦a¤Wªº¨î¡A¦ý§ÚÌ»{¬°³q¹L¶i¤@¨Bªº½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¡A³o¨Ç¨î¬O¥i¥H³Q§JªAªº¡C¬ã¨s¤]¦Ò¼{¨ì¤@¨Ç»PÂX¤jWACS¨Ï¥Î¬ÛÃöªº¨î«×©M³WºÞ¨Æ©y¡A¨Ã½T©w¤F¤@¨Ç¾A©y¦b»´ä¹ê¦æªº¿ï¾Ü¤è®×¡A¨Ñ»´ä¯S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¬F©²°Ñ¦Ò¡C
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Although a number of technical,
environmental and land constraints have been identified,
it is considered that with further investigation these
constraints can be overcome. The study has also considered
the institutional and regulatory issues associated with
the wider adoption of WACS and identified a number of
options for consideration by the HKSAR Government that
may be appropriate for implementation in Hong Kong.
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§@¬°¥¿¦b¶i¦æ¶}µoWACSªº¤@³¡¤À¡A¬ã¨s¬°«P¶iWACSªº¶}µo´£¥X¤F¤@¨Ç«Øij¥O¨ä¶i¤@¨Bµo®i¡A¥]¬A¡G
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As part of the ongoing developments
of WACS, the study has proposed a number of recommendations
for further action for promoting the development of
WACS, which include:
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¬F©²³q¹L¹ï°Ï°ìªº¹w¥ý³W¹º³õ¦a¡AºÞ¹D¹w¯d¦a¡A«Ø¥ß®ü¤ô¬¦¤ô¯¸µ¥¡A¹Á¸Õ¬°WACSªº°ò¦³]¬I´£¨Ñ§ó©ö©ó¨Ï¥Îªº¤g¦a¡CºÉ¥i¯à»P¨ä¥¦°ò¦³]¬I/¶}µo¶µ¥ØÁp¨t°_¨Ó¡F
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Government to attempt facilitate
more readily available land for WACS infrastructure
by advance planning of sites, pipeline reserves, seawater
pumping stations. Possibly in conjunction with other
infrastructure/ developments;
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¡P
¦Ò¼{´î¤Ö/§K°£WACS°ò¦³]¬Iªº¤g¦a¸ÉÀv¶O¡B±Æ¦Ã¶O©Mªþ¥[¶O¡F
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¡P
Consider reducing/waiving land premiums, discharge
levies and easement costs for WACS infrastructure;
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¡P
ºÊ¹î³q¹LÁp¦X¥Î¤á¶}µo¹ê¬IWACS¤è®×ªº¥i¯à©Ê¡F
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¡P
Monitor the potential for implementing WACS in
conjunction with Joint User Developments;
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¡P
ÂЮÖÃö©óקïWSD¬Fµ¦ªº¥²n©Ê¡A³o¥i¹ªÀyCPSSCT©M§N«o¶ð¤è®×ªº±Ä¥Î¡F
|
¡P
Review the requirement for a WSD Policy change
which will permit WSD treated water and seawater supplies
to be more widely used for WACS Schemes, as appropriate,
such that the adoption of CPSSCT and cooling tower schemes,
in particular would be encouraged;
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¡P
¦Ò¼{³]¥ß¾÷¨î©Î¨î©w³W³¹¡A¥H¨¾¤îÉ]³õ¤O¶q³QÀݥΡF
|
¡P
Consider the mechanism or regulations that need
to be in place to prevent abuses of market power;
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¡P
¦Ò¼{¹ê¬I¾A·íªº³WºÞ¨t²Î¡A¥H¥[±j¥Ø«e¡§¹w¨¾°h¥îx¤H¯f¯g¤u§@¦u«h¡¨¡]¦p¤@¯ë¤½²³©M¾Þ§@¤Îºûפu¤H©Ò±Á{ªº¦MÀI¡^ªº¿í¦u¡F
|
¡P
Consider the implementation of suitable regulatory
and control systems for enforcing compliance of the
current Code of Practice for the Prevention of Legionnaires
Disease (i.e. risks to general public);
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¡P
¦Ò¼{´£¥X¦p¤Un¨D¡G¹ï©Ò¦³¨ã³Æ¤@©wÁ`¼Ó±±¿n¡]GFA¡^³W¼Òªº¤j«¬·s¶}µo¶µ¥Ø¡A¥²¶·¦b«e´Á³W¹º¶¥¬q¶i¦æ¯à·½®Ä¯q¼f®Ö©Î¯à·½¼vÅTµû¦ô¡A¨Ã´£¥æ«°¥«³W¹º©eû·|¡]TPB¡^©Îª½±µ´£¥æ¬F©²¡A¥Hªí©ú¶µ¥Ø±Ä¥Î¤F³Ì¨ã¯à·½¦³®Ä©ÊªºªÅ½Õ¤è®×¡A¨Ã¹ï±Ä¥Î¶°¤¤¦¡WACS¤è®×ªº¥i¯à©Êµ¹¤©¥R¤À¦Ò¼{¡C±q¦Ó¡A¯S°Ï¬F©²¦b¥i¯à±¡ªp¤U¡A¹ï³]pªÌ¡B¶}µoªÌ©M«Ø¿vª«·~¥D¨Ï¥ÎWACS¤è®×µ¹¤©¹ªÀy¡F
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¡P
Consider imposing the requirement that for all
new major developments over a certain scale in terms
of GFA, an Energy Efficiency Audit or possibly an Energy
Impact Assessment must be undertaken at the advanced
planning stage for submission to Town Planning Board
or direct to Government to demonstrate that the most
energy efficient option for air-conditioning has been
proposed and due consideration given to the possible
adoption of a centralized WACS scheme. Government thereby
encouraging designers, developers and building owners
to use WACS where there is potential;
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¡P
¦Ò¼{¦b°õ¦æ®É¤Þ¶i«Ø¿vª«¯à·½®Ä¯qªº¼Ð·Ç¡AµL½×¬O±M¬°ªÅ½Õªº¡A©ÎªÌ´¶¹MÀ³¥Î©ó«Ø¿vª«ªº¡C¬F©²¥i¹ê¦æ·sªº¡§¯à·½®Ä¯q¤Î¸`¬ù¯à·½±ø¨Ò¡¨¡A¥]¬A¹ï«Ø¿vª«¾Ö¦³¤H±qWACSªA°È°Ó¨Ï¥Î§N«oªA°Èªº³WºÞn¨D¡F
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¡P
Consider the introduction of performance based
Building Energy Efficiency Standards, either for air-conditioning
specifically, or for buildings generally. Government
to put into practice possibly in a new ¡§Energy
Efficiency and Conservation Ordinance¡¨
and including regulatory and control requirements for
building owners using cooling services from a WACS service
provider;
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¡P
»´ä¯S§O¦æ¬F°Ï¬F©²¥Ø«e¥¿¦b¬ã¨s¨î©w§í¨îGHG±Æ©ñªk³Wªº¥²n©Ê¡C¦pªG±Ä¥ÎGHG±±¨î¬Fµ¦¡AWACS±N¦b´î¤Ö±Æ©ñ¤¤§êºt«n¨¤¦â¡C¦b§ó¼s¤jªºI´º¤U¦Ò¹îWACSªº¨î«×§t¸q¡A§Y»P¯à·½®Ä¯q©MGHG±Æ©ñ´î¤Ö¦³Ãöªº°ÝÃD¡F
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¡P
The HKSAR Government are currently studying the
desirability of instituting policies to curb GHG emissions.
If GHG control policy is to be adopted it is likely
that WACS would have a significant role in reducing
emissions. Regulatory implications of WACS should be
viewed in broader context of issues concerning energy
efficiency and GHG emission reduction.
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¡P
¦b¨C¤@ÓWACS¤è®×¤¤¤Þ¶i±j¨î©ÊªºÀô¹Ò¡B±Æ¤ô©M±Æ¦Ã¼vÅTµû¦ô¬ã¨s¡C³oºØ¬ã¨s¤]¦Ò¼{Y¤zÓWACS¤è®×ªº¾Þ§@¦Ó¥i¯à¾ÉPªº¦UºØ¼ç¦bªº¼vÅT¡C
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¡P
Introduction of compulsory environmental, drainage
and sewerage impact assessment studies for each WACS
scheme. Such studies must also consider the potential
cumulative impacts resulting from the operation of numerous
WACS schemes.
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