#: locale=en-HK
## Action
### URL
LinkBehaviour_51664530_785D_E057_41DD_3108276F997C.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_5F6275A7_784E_2079_41CD_6AA853C71120.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_5F59B94C_784E_E0CF_41CA_1BE1E76B778E.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_50715A6D_7856_E0C9_41D7_EFFFA3A9474A.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_5091443C_785A_204F_41D4_C7464D8F3A10.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_5D18B985_787A_6039_41C6_BF416EA09388.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_169050DD_7011_F1A2_41D7_B6BC8E7E71A0.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_17774A68_7011_5162_41DB_DBF2F4DCE64B.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_19E30435_7016_D0E2_41CD_D24D864DC979.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_18DA01C0_7011_53A2_41A5_8C8AB27E7FB6.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
LinkBehaviour_18BF87B8_7011_7FE2_41DB_9F54A750BFAA.source = https://www.emsd.gov.hk/energyland/en/building/district_cooling_sys/dcs_countries.html
## E-Learning
### Answer
questionOption_DE835268_C568_BCA9_41E8_7EA60DC7D211.text = 35% and 20% of electricity consumption respectiveely
questionOption_ABEB0911_C9BE_6F5A_419B_AE83811750EC.text = 1 degree Celsius ± 1 degree
questionOption_8536B236_C842_7D46_41E6_85DB8145E868.text = 1,250 refrgeration ton.
questionOption_ABEBC910_C9BE_6F5A_41E7_1C31D0947C55.text = 14 degrees Celsius ± 1 degree
questionOption_85368236_C842_7D46_41DE_BAF8F9B745E6.text = 2,500 refrgeration ton.
questionOption_D923A6CC_C568_C5E9_41DC_D977A7C962F4.text = 20% and 10% of electricity consumption respectiveely
questionOption_9A51C34F_C843_A3C6_41D8_3DA1121009B0.text = 400 refrgeration ton.
questionOption_ABEBE910_C9BE_6F5A_41DA_CC13D3F75052.text = 5 degrees Celsius ± 1 degree
questionOption_85369236_C842_7D46_41E5_7C89BF7D975E.text = 5,000 refrgeration ton.
questionOption_D9CC0EB9_C56B_45AB_41BC_58B1E194F2E9.text = 50% and 30% of electricity consumption respectiveely
questionOption_D9520893_C568_CC7E_41B3_662C63415CB1.text = 65% and 45% of electricity consumption respectiveely
questionOption_ABEBD910_C9BE_6F5A_41E3_7C9577A01EF8.text = 9 degrees Celsius ± 1 degree
questionOption_6A9F10ED_31C9_1D9B_41C2_CEA00FD942B9.text = All of the above
questionOption_FB2A5BE9_C579_43AB_41D3_CF51328916DB.text = All of the above.
questionOption_84CDDF3B_7C32_8876_41D2_DABF84A3F9A8.text = All of the above.
questionOption_7FD7CD32_7C3D_8876_41D9_157604815CCA.text = Chilled water production.
questionOption_5A642C4B_CBBD_A5CE_41E5_576D513B960E.text = Chilled water pumps.
questionOption_5A644C4B_CBBD_A5CE_41D0_A5AFE06FF1D1.text = Chiller units.
questionOption_FB5FD8A6_C579_4C59_41DD_300FBF9E001A.text = Commercial Development Zone of the Former South Apron Zone 3.
questionOption_D7980D39_CCB5_3205_41C2_CBDAB6690DB3.text = Compressor
questionOption_D79B8D39_CCB5_3205_41D4_07ED2C578952.text = Condenser
questionOption_7FD7CD32_7C3D_8876_41DD_C38304DDB268.text = Cooling medium.
questionOption_28C2CA14_64E6_376E_41B4_9A3AA20FCB2D.text = Energy-saving.
questionOption_7FA23A54_7C16_8832_41D9_908853E6D10E.text = Energy-saving.
questionOption_FEF50AEF_C842_A2C6_41E1_81D28A166520.text = Equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of 10,000 households in Hong Kong.
questionOption_FEF51AEF_C842_A2C6_41DC_51305BDAFA50.text = Equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of 18,000 households in Hong Kong.
questionOption_FEF52AEF_C842_A2C6_41E2_C2DCE92AC042.text = Equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of 42,000 households in Hong Kong.
questionOption_D79BAD39_CCB5_3205_41E3_D55C06329E6A.text = Evaporator
questionOption_D79B9D39_CCB5_3205_41E7_930F0E94C2E4.text = Expansion valve
questionOption_7FA23A54_7C16_8832_41D0_E667E61119EA.text = Greening the environment.
questionOption_28C23A13_64E6_376A_41C5_966844D122DA.text = Greening the environment.
questionOption_5A641C4B_CBBD_A5CE_41E0_967240258274.text = Heat exchangers.
questionOption_84CDEF3B_7C32_8876_41B4_4C0785C3824D.text = Hung Shui Kiu/Ha Tsuen New Development Area
questionOption_7FD7CD32_7C3D_8876_41DD_2611A19681EB.text = Hydroelectric power generation.
questionOption_5A643C4B_CBBD_A5CE_41DC_1C1D9A957A9B.text = Isolation valves.
questionOption_FB94BCCD_C579_45EB_41DD_143E3AD86F75.text = Kai Tak Sports Park.
questionOption_84CDFF3B_7C32_8876_41C2_11A5FE7543BA.text = Kwu Tung North New Development Area
questionOption_FB4B61F2_C579_5FB9_41CB_80A32611F982.text = New Acute Hospital.
questionOption_28C20A13_64E6_376A_41D5_92AC67387E42.text = Replacing traditional rooftop cooling towers.
questionOption_7FA23A54_7C16_8832_41DA_304F74FA16CF.text = Replacing traditional rooftop cooling towers.
questionOption_7FA23A54_7C16_8832_41D1_44173E10B851.text = Seawater cooling.
questionOption_28C22A13_64E6_376A_41D7_77DD3D46DF19.text = Seawater cooling.
questionOption_7FD7CD32_7C3D_8876_41C1_B4B07D2C212B.text = Seawater desalination.
questionOption_84CD0F3B_7C32_8876_41C0_B332AF5B0626.text = Tung Chung New Town Extension (East)
### Question
question_FA254653_C568_C4FF_41CA_B0ADB3B0BDAB.title = As the demand for cooling capacity in the Kai Tak Development has increased, the chilled water supply from the additional district cooling system can roughly meet the cooling demand of a total air-conditioned floor area of approximately 810,000 square meters. The main consumers of the new district cooling system include: \
\
question_D9983CDC_C558_C5E9_41D0_C8B3A7DD211F.title = Compared to traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems and water-cooled air conditioning systems that employ independent cooling towers, district cooling system can save approximately…
question_5A6A7C4A_CBBD_A5CE_41D4_E85E59200541.title = Each consumer building has its own chilled water distribution network, which is independent of the chilled water distribution network of the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development. Each consumer building's substation is equipped with…
question_84CD4F3B_7C32_8876_41D4_6210923871FB.title = In addition to District Cooling System Service availability in Kai Tak Development, the government plans to introduce district cooling system in which locations in Hong Kong?
question_FEF4EAEE_C842_A2C7_41E3_D2B364CD29A9.title = The District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development is the first-of-its-kind, large scale district cooling system in Hong Kong. All buildings within the development area share a single refrigeration system, which can save electricity and improve the energy efficiency of air conditioning system in the area, and thereby reduce carbon emissions. It is estimated to save 85 million kWh of electricity per year. \
\
question_85307234_C842_7D5A_41CC_020A1595166F.title = There are currently more than 26 sets of chiller units and associated chilled water pumps installed in the plants of District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development. \
\
What is the capacity of largest main seawater-cooled chiller unit?
question_7FA23A54_7C16_8832_41DB_9C317CB2D0F9.title = Urban heat emissions cause heat island effects. The facilities of the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development effectively alleviate heat island effects by:
question_28CBBA12_64E6_376A_41CF_232769837192.title = Urban heat emissions cause heat island effects. The facilities of the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development effectively alleviate heat island effects by:
question_D798DD38_CCB5_3203_41D2_E79301774BEB.title = What are the major components of a chiller?
question_ABF1A90B_C9BE_6F4E_41B6_0BDD47B65240.title = What is the chilled water temperature supplied to consumer buildings by the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development?
question_7FD7CD32_7C3D_8876_41D0_72BF561B4279.title = What is the purpose of using seawater in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development?
### Question Screen
quizQuestion_D13718C0_C558_CDD9_41D1_D52A33FD6AD3.ok = OK
### Report Screen
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.title = - Scores -
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.questionsCorrect = Correct
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.downloadCSV = Download .csv
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.completion = Finish
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.questionsIncorrect = Incorrect
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.questions = Question
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.repeat = Repeat
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.submitToLMS = Submit
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.items = The number of times the KnowBot was found
quizScore_D12F08C0_C558_CDD9_41E2_25F760B549AC.elapsedTime = Time
### Score Name
score2.label = Hide and seek game score
score1.label = Q&A scores
### Timeout Screen
quizTimeout_D13378BF_C558_CDA7_41E0_869D3C8110DE.title = - Time out -
quizTimeout_D13378BF_C558_CDA7_41E0_869D3C8110DE.repeat = Repeat
quizTimeout_D13378BF_C558_CDA7_41E0_869D3C8110DE.score = Watch score
## Hotspot
### Tooltip
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_0DE0E3C5_7017_57A2_41DA_8C0D8F2607E0.toolTip = 1,250 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8113C166_BA36_164B_41B0_D435E1E4DFFA.toolTip = 1,250 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_11F8FD98_3956_DC5F_4194_96FF6E6AC8B9.toolTip = 2,500 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E589576E_700F_DF7E_41DC_0C3E838FE1E6.toolTip = 2,500 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_8008B116_BA32_37CB_41DE_EDF6634FC2FE.toolTip = 400 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_100BD388_3668_0530_41BF_BA4362A542DE.toolTip = 5,000 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EED53A24_7031_D0E2_41D7_607826094FE2.toolTip = 5,000 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_ED76CC3A_7031_70E6_4169_2AE486AFD23C.toolTip = 5,000 RT Chillers
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_83ECBA48_A5A3_EA16_41CC_78729F30C65C.toolTip = Access Hatch from G/F
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_4CBCDE00_798E_9900_41AC_245008603190.toolTip = Central Chiller plant room on the B2.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_BA548DE4_9BF4_A1EB_41D0_1CC854309EB1.toolTip = Chilled Water Pumps
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_BD8B97D1_9BFD_E22D_41DB_F5389EF42924.toolTip = Chilled Water Pumps
overlay_DBDD4B7D_C7C6_63CA_41E7_F5B8A9C5A2C3.toolTip = EMSD District Cooling Systems Website
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_4C7F3A77_798F_9900_418B_D463023BEA78.toolTip = G/F Entrance Lobby.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F3468371_7311_E12D_41D1_161DE184350C.toolTip = Heat Exchanger
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_E820E901_7312_AEED_4182_41BEC5604138.toolTip = Heat Exchanger
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_199C04E7_7011_D16E_41AC_D02AE7533F5B.toolTip = Heat Exchanger
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_9BF214C7_7C0F_431A_41BE_21C25485525F.toolTip = Heat Exchanger
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EAEF3A4A_730F_A37F_419A_607531DA5E7B.toolTip = Incoming and Outgoing Seawater Pipes
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_4FBFA68C_798D_8900_41CA_88A0E827EA6E.toolTip = Information Centre on B2M.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_4CF88020_7982_8900_41CD_1604D1BF9373.toolTip = Information Centre on B2M.
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A79D72DC_B9D6_3A7F_41E4_BC912AE5D29A.toolTip = Monitoring Display Modules
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_84E73272_A5ED_1649_41D9_94595D2CAD22.toolTip = Outlook of Kai Tak District Cooling System (North Plant)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_C3DB2B53_8ED7_6AF6_41A9_F783B26338EE.toolTip = Outlook of Kai Tak District Cooling System (North Plant)
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_0CE0D53A_7016_D0E6_41D5_BE722C1141DC.toolTip = Pipe Vibration Isolators
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FE93FCF6_BA52_EE4B_41D5_F43B1BEF9792.toolTip = Pipe Vibration Isolators
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_1B1A5270_3054_6D49_418D_67EDDFE48E85.toolTip = Q&A
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_7FA23A53_7C16_8836_41C7_A954CE051DA6.toolTip = Q&A
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FEF35AEE_C842_A2C6_41C3_FA68359760BC.toolTip = Q&A
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_28CA1A11_64E6_3766_41CE_15559C3C5E0C.toolTip = Q&A
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_5A6B1C49_CBBD_A5CA_41B0_FA3890ACF99A.toolTip = Q&A
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_852FD234_C842_7D5A_41DA_1B9198600AB1.toolTip = Q&A
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F853151C_C557_C469_41E1_9178834E4E98.toolTip = Q&A
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_BEB60086_9EFE_EF6A_41CE_FA461CBF8FB0.toolTip = Refrigerant Recovery Unit
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_D79EF23A_8EF1_5AB6_41DE_5054E0C34EB4.toolTip = Refrigerant Recovery Unit
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_A2768A9E_B9FE_6AFB_41C5_A8B2382878BF.toolTip = Solar light poles
HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_89B12FCF_AF98_E296_41D3_E06AFA99AD71.toolTip = You can see the chiller plant room on the lower level
## Media
### Audio
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### Floorplan
### Image
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### Popup Image
### Title
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htmlText_5BF4AE5B_7786_99E6_41DC_A4DD9F9A0421.html = After producing chilled water in the central chiller plant, the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development delivers chilled water to heat exchangers in the consumer substations using a network of underground metallic pipes.
The largest chilled water pipe size is 1 meter in diameter, made of black steel, and finished with a 65mm thick "PU-polyurethane foam" thermal insulation material to prevent the loss of cooling energy. The outer layer is then protected by a 12mm thick "HDPE-high-density polyethylene" shell.
Between the insulation material and the metal water pipe, water leakage detection cables are installed at the 4 o'clock and 8 o'clock positions for real-time monitoring of chilled water leaks. When there is a leak in the pipeline, the signal is immediately transmitted to the control center of the central chiller plant via fiber optic cables.
Chilled water produced by central chiller plant of District Cooling System passes through heat exchangers to absorb heat from chilled water of consumers' air-conditoning system for each consumer building.
Please visit EMSD Headquarters substation to take a look at actual heat exchanger, of which its working principle will be explained.
Have you ever wondered where conditioned air comes from? The conditioned air used in this lobby is produced from chilled water provided by the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development.
The District Cooling System uses chilled water as a cooling medium. Chiller units produce chilled water by and using seawater to absorb and remove heat. When chilled water is conveyed to buildings, it passes through a heat exchanger to cool the building's chilled water which circulates into air handling units used for cooling indoor air. This is how conditioned air in the lobby of the North Plant is generated.
Have you ever wondered where conditioned air comes from? The conditioned air used in this lobby is produced from chilled water provided by the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development.
The District Cooling System uses chilled water as a cooling medium. Chiller units produce chilled water by and using seawater to absorb and remove heat. When chilled water is conveyed to buildings, it passes through a heat exchanger to cool the building's chilled water which circulates into air handling units used for cooling indoor air. This is how conditioned air in the lobby of the North Plant is generated.
Have you ever wondered where conditioned air comes from? The conditioned air used in this lobby is produced from chilled water provided by the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development.
The District Cooling System uses chilled water as a cooling medium. Chiller units produce chilled water by and using seawater to absorb and remove heat. When chilled water is conveyed to buildings, it passes through a heat exchanger to cool the building's chilled water which circulates into air handling units used for cooling indoor air. This is how conditioned air in the lobby of the North Plant is generated.
Have you ever wondered where conditioned air comes from? The conditioned air used in this lobby is produced from chilled water provided by the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development.
The District Cooling System uses chilled water as a cooling medium. Chiller units produce chilled water by and using seawater to absorb and remove heat. When chilled water is conveyed to buildings, it passes through a heat exchanger to cool the building's chilled water which circulates into air handling units used for cooling indoor air. This is how conditioned air in the lobby of the North Plant is generated.
In order to suit Kai Tak development, there are over 26 nos. of chiller units and associated chilled water pumps installed in the central chiller plants of District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development. The cooling capacities of the chiller units range from 400 to 5,000 RT. The main flagship chiller unit with capacity of 5,000 RT is currently the largest chiller in plant room.
[Please visit the chiller plant room on basement level 2 of the North Plant to see the actual chiller and associated diagrams.]
Pipe Vibration Isolators are installed to pipes to reduce noise and vibration.
Pipe Vibration Isolators are installed to pipes to reduce noise and vibration.
Refrigerant Recovery Unit is used to temporarily store refrigerant when the chiller unit undertakes maintenance and repair. After the maintenance work is completed, the refrigerant recovery equipment will inject the refrigerant back into the chiller unit.
The "heat exchanger" in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development employs"heat conduction" principle to transfer the cooling capacity from the chilled water produced by the central chiller plant to the chilled water of the consumer buildings' air-conditioning system.
The heat exchanger has two water channels, one of which circulates the chilled water from the district cooling system central chiller plant, while the chilled water of consumer buildings' air-conditioning system circulates through the remaining water channel. The water channels are separated by stainless steel plates with high thermal conductivity, which also guide the two streams of chilled water to flow in opposite directions, thereby enhancing their heat transfer efficiency.
The thermal energy of the consumer buildings is transferred to the chilled water from the district cooling system through the steel plates inside the heat exchanger via conduction. The chilled water from district cooling system, which is at 5 degrees Celsius, is thus heated up to 13 degrees Celsius and flows back to the central chiller plant to undergo the refrigeration process again.
The "heat exchanger" in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development employs"heat conduction" principle to transfer the cooling capacity from the chilled water produced by the central chiller plant to the chilled water of the consumer buildings' air-conditioning system.
The heat exchanger has two water channels, one of which circulates the chilled water from the district cooling system central chiller plant, while the chilled water of consumer buildings' air-conditioning system circulates through the remaining water channel. The water channels are separated by stainless steel plates with high thermal conductivity, which also guide the two streams of chilled water to flow in opposite directions, thereby enhancing their heat transfer efficiency.
The thermal energy of the consumer buildings is transferred to the chilled water from the district cooling system through the steel plates inside the heat exchanger via conduction. The chilled water from district cooling system, which is at 5 degrees Celsius, is thus heated up to 13 degrees Celsius and flows back to the central chiller plant to undergo the refrigeration process again.
The District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development is the first-of-its-kind, large-scale energy-saving and environmentally friendly infrastructure in Hong Kong. Leveraging the advantages of economies of scale, it enhances the energy efficiency of air conditioning use within the district and reduces carbon emissions. The district cooling system is more energy-efficient than traditional air-cooled and water-cooled air conditioning systems, saving up to 35% and 20% of electricity consumption, respectively.
In 2019, the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development was recognized by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and was selected as one of the "100 Climate Action Plans" in the C40 publication Cities100, acknowledging the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department's (EMSD) exemplary role in addressing climate change crisis, achieving sustainable development, and ensuring the quality of life of our citizens.
Currently, the system supplies air-conditioned chilled water to different types of building consumers including hospitals, MTR stations, schools, private development projects, government buildings, and other facilities in the district with the EMSD headquarters building being one of the consumers.
The District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development project began in 2011 and was commissioned from 2013 onwards. It is estimated that the project can save approximately 138 million kWh of electricity per year after it is fully operational, which is equivalent to the annual electricity consumption of about 42,000 households, and reduce 96,500 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually.
As consumers do not need to install chiller units in their buildings, issues related to noise and vibration caused by the operation of air-conditioning equipment could be avoided. The system also allows for more building greenery space, reducing the urban heat island effect, and providing more opportunities for the installation of renewable energy equipment.
The North Plant of District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development is one of the infrastructure projects in the Kai Tak Development Area. It has a unique outlook with a green roof, vertical greening, and a lobby with skylight that refracts sunlight for natural lighting, saving energy for artificial lighting.
The chilled water pipes are designed based on a three-pipe underground water pipe network concept to enhance the resiliency and reliability of the system. In the event of pipe damage or maintenance, the standby pipes can be used to maintain the chilled water supply.
The chilled water produced by the district cooling system (DCS), is transported to consumer buildings through underground pipelines. The cooling energy is transferred in heat exchangers, from DCS chilled water to consumer building chilled water for building air-conditioning purposes. The heat exchangers are usually installed on the ground floor or basement of the consumer building.
By using the district cooling system, buildings do not need to install their own chiller units and associated heat rejection equipment, which can free up space on rooftops for greenery or other uses, reducing the urban heat island effect.
The chilled water pumps are equipped with variable flow control system that adjusts the operating speed of the pumps based on the water pressure of the chilled water pipeline network.
They are capable of delivering chilled water to consumers located approximately 2 kilometers away from the central chiller plant and then returning it for circulation and cooling. Therefore, the pumps are large in size and have high power output to handle the combined chilled water flow demand within the Kai Tak Development.
The chilled water pumps are equipped with variable flow control system that adjusts the operating speed of the pumps based on the water pressure of the chilled water pipeline network.
They are capable of delivering chilled water to consumers located approximately 2 kilometers away from the central chiller plant and then returning it for circulation and cooling. Therefore, the pumps are large in size and have high power output to handle the combined chilled water flow demand within the Kai Tak Development.
The chiller unit works by taking advantage of endothermic process associated with evaporation of refrigerant. Environmentally friendly refrigerant enters the evaporator at liquid state, absorbs the heat of the chilled water and evaporates under low pressure. The evaporation and endothermic process cools down the chilled water, thereby producing chilled water at 5ºC for consumers in the district.
The evaporated refrigerant undergoes compression in the compressor, which increases the pressure and temperature of the gaseous refrigerant, before entering the condenser. Seawater enters the condenser concurrently and absorbs the heat from the gaseous refrigerant, allowing it to condense back to liquid state, an exothermic process by giving up its heat.
To allow the refrigerant to return to a low-temperature, heat-absorbing state, the liquid refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve, lowering its pressure and temperature before entering the evaporator again to produce chilled water.
Each step is continuous, repeated and uninterrupted to produce cooling in a consistent manner.
The chiller unit works by taking advantage of endothermic process associated with evaporation of refrigerant. Environmentally friendly refrigerant enters the evaporator at liquid state, absorbs the heat of the chilled water and evaporates under low pressure. The evaporation and endothermic process cools down the chilled water, thereby producing chilled water at 5ºC for consumers in the district.
The evaporated refrigerant undergoes compression in the compressor, which increases the pressure and temperature of the gaseous refrigerant, before entering the condenser. Seawater enters the condenser concurrently and absorbs the heat from the gaseous refrigerant, allowing it to condense back to liquid state, an exothermic process by giving up its heat.
To allow the refrigerant to return to a low-temperature, heat-absorbing state, the liquid refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve, lowering its pressure and temperature before entering the evaporator again to produce chilled water.
Each step is continuous, repeated and uninterrupted to produce cooling in a consistent manner.
The seawater cooling system enhances the cooling efficiency and saves energy by transferring heat energy to seawater. In contrast, traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems need to release heat into the atmosphere. Since outdoor temperatures are comparatively higher, air-cooled chiller unit requires larger compressors for rejecting heat, resulting in lower energy efficiency, and at the same time contributing to the urban heat island effect. On the other hand, water-cooled air conditioning systems consumes potable water resources as heat rejection medium.
Therefore, using seawater as heat rejection medium is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly for air conditioning systems.
The seawater cooling system enhances the cooling efficiency and saves energy by transferring heat energy to seawater. In contrast, traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems need to release heat into the atmosphere. Since outdoor temperatures are comparatively higher, air-cooled chiller unit requires larger compressors for rejecting heat, resulting in lower energy efficiency, and at the same time contributing to the urban heat island effect. On the other hand, water-cooled air conditioning systems consumes potable water resources as heat rejection medium.
Therefore, using seawater as heat rejection medium is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly for air conditioning systems.
The seawater cooling system enhances the cooling efficiency and saves energy by transferring heat energy to seawater. In contrast, traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems need to release heat into the atmosphere. Since outdoor temperatures are comparatively higher, air-cooled chiller unit requires larger compressors for rejecting heat, resulting in lower energy efficiency, and at the same time contributing to the urban heat island effect. On the other hand, water-cooled air conditioning systems consumes potable water resources as heat rejection medium.
Therefore, using seawater as heat rejection medium is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly for air conditioning systems.
This is the actual 5,000 RT chiller unit that was displayed in the lobby entrance earlier. The chiller unit uses R134A environmentally friendly refrigerant and it will use seawater rejection medium for cooling the chiller unit. It supplies chilled water at a temperature of 5 degrees Celsius for consumers in the district.
The 5,000 RT chiller unit is a large-scale air-conditioning system refrigeration equipment suitable for use in large-scale buildings such as office buildings, hospitals, schools, and sports arenas. Its refrigeration capacity is sufficiently high, enough to satisfy the cooling demand of approximately two 30 storey Grade A office buildings. Due to the its size and high power output, the 5,000 RT chiller unit requires a powerful electrical supply system to support its operation. It is one of the largest single chiller units in Hong Kong.
Our professional team regularly perform maintenance works for the chiller unit condensing water pipes in order to prevent marine organisms from growing and adversely affecting the operation of the chiller unit.
This is the actual 5,000 RT chiller unit that was displayed in the lobby entrance earlier. The chiller unit uses R134A environmentally friendly refrigerant and it will use seawater rejection medium for cooling the chiller unit. It supplies chilled water at a temperature of 5 degrees Celsius for consumers in the district.
The 5,000 RT chiller unit is a large-scale air-conditioning system refrigeration equipment suitable for use in large-scale buildings such as office buildings, hospitals, schools, and sports arenas. Its refrigeration capacity is sufficiently high, enough to satisfy the cooling demand of approximately two 30 storey Grade A office buildings. Due to the its size and high power output, the 5,000 RT chiller unit requires a powerful electrical supply system to support its operation. It is one of the largest single chiller units in Hong Kong.
Our professional team regularly perform maintenance works for the chiller unit condensing water pipes in order to prevent marine organisms from growing and adversely affecting the operation of the chiller unit.
This is the actual 5,000 RT chiller unit that was displayed in the lobby entrance earlier. The chiller unit uses R134A environmentally friendly refrigerant and it will use seawater rejection medium for cooling the chiller unit. It supplies chilled water at a temperature of 5 degrees Celsius for consumers in the district.
The 5,000 RT chiller unit is a large-scale air-conditioning system refrigeration equipment suitable for use in large-scale buildings such as office buildings, hospitals, schools, and sports arenas. Its refrigeration capacity is sufficiently high, enough to satisfy the cooling demand of approximately two 30 storey Grade A office buildings. Due to the its size and high power output, the 5,000 RT chiller unit requires a powerful electrical supply system to support its operation. It is one of the largest single chiller units in Hong Kong.
Our professional team regularly perform maintenance works for the chiller unit condensing water pipes in order to prevent marine organisms from growing and adversely affecting the operation of the chiller unit.
This location is district cooling system's most important facility, the central chiller plant room. The room is located on basement level two (2) and is approximately 90 meters long. Since consumer buildings connected to the district cooling system do not need to install their own chiller units and associated electrical and mechanical equipment, more flexible design for consumer building can be achieved. This also reduces the heat island effect and elimination of noise and vibration arising from the operation of equipment.
The silver pipes are chilled water pipes. The largest pipe size is 1 meter in diameter. As the chilled water has to be maintained at a temperature of 5 degrees Celsius, there is thermal insulation material enclosing the pipes to minimise the energy loss. The green pipes are the cooling/condensing water pipes, carrying water to chillers for heat rejection.
The chilled water pipes are incorporated with a three-pipe underground network design concept to enhance the system's resilience and reliability. Under the circumstance where one of the pipe is damaged or undergoes maintenance, the standby pipe can be used to maintain the chilled water supply.
The district cooling system facilitates environmental noise control since central chiller plant room is located far away from the consumer buildings, thus reducing the noise impact to consumers and adjacent environment.
This town planning model shows the district cooling sytem service coverage, the locations of the central chiller plants, and the alignments of the seawater cooling pipes and underground chilled water pipelines of the first ever District Cooling System engineering project in Hong Kong. The total length of the pipeline network is 63 kilometers.
The District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development is the first-of-its-kind in Hong Kong. It is a large-scale central air conditioning system that serves a diverse group of consumers. Its objective is to improve the energy efficiency of air conditioning use within the development area and thereby reduce carbon emissions.
After completion, the system has a total cooling capacity of 462 megawatts, which can meet the cooling demand of approximately 2.54 million square meters of total air-conditioned floor area.
The "pink lights" indicate the locations of the North and South Plant and the seawater pumping station.
The "white lights" indicate the existing and planned consumers of the district cooling system, mainly non-domestic buildings such as hospitals, MTR stations, schools, private development projects, government buildings, and other facilities.
The "blue flashing lights" indicate the planned path of the underground chilled water pipeline network.
This town planning model shows the district cooling sytem service coverage, the locations of the central chiller plants, and the alignments of the seawater cooling pipes and underground chilled water pipelines of the first ever District Cooling System engineering project in Hong Kong. The total length of the pipeline network is 63 kilometers.
The District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development is the first-of-its-kind in Hong Kong. It is a large-scale central air conditioning system that serves a diverse group of consumers. Its objective is to improve the energy efficiency of air conditioning use within the development area and thereby reduce carbon emissions.
After completion, the system has a total cooling capacity of 462 megawatts, which can meet the cooling demand of approximately 2.54 million square meters of total air-conditioned floor area.
The "pink lights" indicate the locations of the North and South Plant and the seawater pumping station.
The "white lights" indicate the existing and planned consumers of the district cooling system, mainly non-domestic buildings such as hospitals, MTR stations, schools, private development projects, government buildings, and other facilities.
The "blue flashing lights" indicate the planned path of the underground chilled water pipeline network.
Through the central control system, we can also monitor the real-time situation of each consumer's substation. The data of each substation, such as chilled water temperature, flow rate, etc., as well as its operating condition, can be comprehensively monitored to ensure consumers receive stable and uninterrupted chilled water supply to the central air conditioning system in their buildings.
All operational system data is collected and saved for periodic analysis with the objective of improving system operation.
Do you know why the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development has been incorporated with chiller units with a variety of different capacities? It's because consumer cooling demands varies throughout the day. For example during office working hours, more cooling demand is needed compared to the evening after office working hours. To effectively control energy efficiency, the District Cooling System uses refrigeration units with different cooling capacities during different periods as the main production units, achieving energy conservation and environmental protection.
Building power consumption accounts for nearly 90% of our society's total power supply, with greenhouse gas emissions accounts for over 60% of total emissions. For power consumption in commercial buildings, air-conditioning systems consume the largest portion of electricity (more than 25%).
District cooling system is a green infrastructure that addresses climate change and aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
Do you know why the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development has been incorporated with chiller units with a variety of different capacities? It's because consumer cooling demands varies throughout the day. For example during office working hours, more cooling demand is needed compared to the evening after office working hours. To effectively control energy efficiency, the District Cooling System uses refrigeration units with different cooling capacities during different periods as the main production units, achieving energy conservation and environmental protection.
Building power consumption accounts for nearly 90% of our society's total power supply, with greenhouse gas emissions accounts for over 60% of total emissions. For power consumption in commercial buildings, air-conditioning systems consume the largest portion of electricity (more than 25%).
District cooling system is a green infrastructure that addresses climate change and aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
Do you know why the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development has been incorporated with chiller units with a variety of different capacities? It's because consumer cooling demands varies throughout the day. For example during office working hours, more cooling demand is needed compared to the evening after office working hours. To effectively control energy efficiency, the District Cooling System uses refrigeration units with different cooling capacities during different periods as the main production units, achieving energy conservation and environmental protection.
Building power consumption accounts for nearly 90% of our society's total power supply, with greenhouse gas emissions accounts for over 60% of total emissions. For power consumption in commercial buildings, air-conditioning systems consume the largest portion of electricity (more than 25%).
District cooling system is a green infrastructure that addresses climate change and aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
Do you know why the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development has been incorporated with chiller units with a variety of different capacities? It's because consumer cooling demands varies throughout the day. For example during office working hours, more cooling demand is needed compared to the evening after office working hours. To effectively control energy efficiency, the District Cooling System uses refrigeration units with different cooling capacities during different periods as the main production units, achieving energy conservation and environmental protection.
Building power consumption accounts for nearly 90% of our society's total power supply, with greenhouse gas emissions accounts for over 60% of total emissions. For power consumption in commercial buildings, air-conditioning systems consume the largest portion of electricity (more than 25%).
District cooling system is a green infrastructure that addresses climate change and aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
In response to the increase of cooling demand in Kai Tak Development, an additional district cooling system project started construction in December 2020. The additioinal district cooling system is estimated to have a cooling capacity of approximately 178 MW, which can serve an estimated total additional public and private non-domestic air-conditioned floor area of about 810,000 square meters.
The additional district cooling system will be located next to the Kai Tak Nullah No.1 silt clearing station in the Kai Tak Development. The plant will help to improve the water circulation and water quality of the Kai Tak Nullah and the Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter.
In response to the increase of cooling demand in Kai Tak Development, an additional district cooling system project started construction in December 2020. The additioinal district cooling system is estimated to have a cooling capacity of approximately 178 MW, which can serve an estimated total additional public and private non-domestic air-conditioned floor area of about 810,000 square meters.
The additional district cooling system will be located next to the Kai Tak Nullah No.1 silt clearing station in the Kai Tak Development. The plant will help to improve the water circulation and water quality of the Kai Tak Nullah and the Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter.
Refrigerant Recovery Unit is used to temporarily store refrigerant when the chiller unit undertakes maintenance and repair. After the maintenance work is completed, the refrigerant recovery equipment will inject the refrigerant back into the chiller unit.
Solar light poles collect and store "solar energy" during the day, allowing them to illuminate the street during night time using stored energy.
The "heat exchanger" in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development employs"heat conduction" principle to transfer the cooling capacity from the chilled water produced by the central chiller plant to the chilled water of the consumer buildings' air-conditioning system.
The heat exchanger has two water channels, one of which circulates the chilled water from the district cooling system central chiller plant, while the chilled water of consumer buildings' air-conditioning system circulates through the remaining water channel. The water channels are separated by stainless steel plates with high thermal conductivity, which also guide the two streams of chilled water to flow in opposite directions, thereby enhancing their heat transfer efficiency.
The thermal energy of the consumer buildings is transferred to the chilled water from the district cooling system through the steel plates inside the heat exchanger via conduction. The chilled water from district cooling system, which is at 5 degrees Celsius, is thus heated up to 13 degrees Celsius and flows back to the central chiller plant to undergo the refrigeration process again.
The "heat exchanger" in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development employs"heat conduction" principle to transfer the cooling capacity from the chilled water produced by the central chiller plant to the chilled water of the consumer buildings' air-conditioning system.
The heat exchanger has two water channels, one of which circulates the chilled water from the district cooling system central chiller plant, while the chilled water of consumer buildings' air-conditioning system circulates through the remaining water channel. The water channels are separated by stainless steel plates with high thermal conductivity, which also guide the two streams of chilled water to flow in opposite directions, thereby enhancing their heat transfer efficiency.
The thermal energy of the consumer buildings is transferred to the chilled water from the district cooling system through the steel plates inside the heat exchanger via conduction. The chilled water from district cooling system, which is at 5 degrees Celsius, is thus heated up to 13 degrees Celsius and flows back to the central chiller plant to undergo the refrigeration process again.
The "heat exchanger" in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development employs"heat conduction" principle to transfer the cooling capacity from the chilled water produced by the central chiller plant to the chilled water of the consumer buildings' air-conditioning system.
The heat exchanger has two water channels, one of which circulates the chilled water from the district cooling system central chiller plant, while the chilled water of consumer buildings' air-conditioning system circulates through the remaining water channel. The water channels are separated by stainless steel plates with high thermal conductivity, which also guide the two streams of chilled water to flow in opposite directions, thereby enhancing their heat transfer efficiency.
The thermal energy of the consumer buildings is transferred to the chilled water from the district cooling system through the steel plates inside the heat exchanger via conduction. The chilled water from district cooling system, which is at 5 degrees Celsius, is thus heated up to 13 degrees Celsius and flows back to the central chiller plant to undergo the refrigeration process again.
The "heat exchanger" in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development employs"heat conduction" principle to transfer the cooling capacity from the chilled water produced by the central chiller plant to the chilled water of the consumer buildings' air-conditioning system.
The heat exchanger has two water channels, one of which circulates the chilled water from the district cooling system central chiller plant, while the chilled water of consumer buildings' air-conditioning system circulates through the remaining water channel. The water channels are separated by stainless steel plates with high thermal conductivity, which also guide the two streams of chilled water to flow in opposite directions, thereby enhancing their heat transfer efficiency.
The thermal energy of the consumer buildings is transferred to the chilled water from the district cooling system through the steel plates inside the heat exchanger via conduction. The chilled water from district cooling system, which is at 5 degrees Celsius, is thus heated up to 13 degrees Celsius and flows back to the central chiller plant to undergo the refrigeration process again.
The "heat exchanger" in the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development employs"heat conduction" principle to transfer the cooling capacity from the chilled water produced by the central chiller plant to the chilled water of the consumer buildings' air-conditioning system.
The heat exchanger has two water channels, one of which circulates the chilled water from the district cooling system central chiller plant, while the chilled water of consumer buildings' air-conditioning system circulates through the remaining water channel. The water channels are separated by stainless steel plates with high thermal conductivity, which also guide the two streams of chilled water to flow in opposite directions, thereby enhancing their heat transfer efficiency.
The thermal energy of the consumer buildings is transferred to the chilled water from the district cooling system through the steel plates inside the heat exchanger via conduction. The chilled water from district cooling system, which is at 5 degrees Celsius, is thus heated up to 13 degrees Celsius and flows back to the central chiller plant to undergo the refrigeration process again.
The North Plant of District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development is one of the infrastructure projects in the Kai Tak Development Area. It has a unique outlook with a green roof, vertical greening, and a lobby with skylight that refracts sunlight for natural lighting, saving energy for artificial lighting.
The chilled water pipes are designed based on a three-pipe underground water pipe network concept to enhance the resiliency and reliability of the system. In the event of pipe damage or maintenance, the standby pipes can be used to maintain the chilled water supply.
The chilled water pipes are designed based on a three-pipe underground water pipe network concept to enhance the resiliency and reliability of the system. In the event of pipe damage or maintenance, the standby pipes can be used to maintain the chilled water supply.
The chilled water pipes are designed based on a three-pipe underground water pipe network concept to enhance the resiliency and reliability of the system. In the event of pipe damage or maintenance, the standby pipes can be used to maintain the chilled water supply.
The chiller unit works by taking advantage of endothermic process associated with evaporation of refrigerant. Environmentally friendly refrigerant enters the evaporator at liquid state, absorbs the heat of the chilled water and evaporates under low pressure. The evaporation and endothermic process cools down the chilled water, thereby producing chilled water at 5ºC for consumers in the district.
The evaporated refrigerant undergoes compression in the compressor, which increases the pressure and temperature of the gaseous refrigerant, before entering the condenser. Seawater enters the condenser concurrently and absorbs the heat from the gaseous refrigerant, allowing it to condense back to liquid state, an exothermic process by giving up its heat.
To allow the refrigerant to return to a low-temperature, heat-absorbing state, the liquid refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve, lowering its pressure and temperature before entering the evaporator again to produce chilled water.
Each step is continuous, repeated and uninterrupted to produce cooling in a consistent manner.
The chiller unit works by taking advantage of endothermic process associated with evaporation of refrigerant. Environmentally friendly refrigerant enters the evaporator at liquid state, absorbs the heat of the chilled water and evaporates under low pressure. The evaporation and endothermic process cools down the chilled water, thereby producing chilled water at 5ºC for consumers in the district.
The evaporated refrigerant undergoes compression in the compressor, which increases the pressure and temperature of the gaseous refrigerant, before entering the condenser. Seawater enters the condenser concurrently and absorbs the heat from the gaseous refrigerant, allowing it to condense back to liquid state, an exothermic process by giving up its heat.
To allow the refrigerant to return to a low-temperature, heat-absorbing state, the liquid refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve, lowering its pressure and temperature before entering the evaporator again to produce chilled water.
Each step is continuous, repeated and uninterrupted to produce cooling in a consistent manner.
The chiller unit works by taking advantage of endothermic process associated with evaporation of refrigerant. Environmentally friendly refrigerant enters the evaporator at liquid state, absorbs the heat of the chilled water and evaporates under low pressure. The evaporation and endothermic process cools down the chilled water, thereby producing chilled water at 5ºC for consumers in the district.
The evaporated refrigerant undergoes compression in the compressor, which increases the pressure and temperature of the gaseous refrigerant, before entering the condenser. Seawater enters the condenser concurrently and absorbs the heat from the gaseous refrigerant, allowing it to condense back to liquid state, an exothermic process by giving up its heat.
To allow the refrigerant to return to a low-temperature, heat-absorbing state, the liquid refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve, lowering its pressure and temperature before entering the evaporator again to produce chilled water.
Each step is continuous, repeated and uninterrupted to produce cooling in a consistent manner.
The chiller unit works by taking advantage of endothermic process associated with evaporation of refrigerant. Environmentally friendly refrigerant enters the evaporator at liquid state, absorbs the heat of the chilled water and evaporates under low pressure. The evaporation and endothermic process cools down the chilled water, thereby producing chilled water at 5ºC for consumers in the district.
The evaporated refrigerant undergoes compression in the compressor, which increases the pressure and temperature of the gaseous refrigerant, before entering the condenser. Seawater enters the condenser concurrently and absorbs the heat from the gaseous refrigerant, allowing it to condense back to liquid state, an exothermic process by giving up its heat.
To allow the refrigerant to return to a low-temperature, heat-absorbing state, the liquid refrigerant is passed through an expansion valve, lowering its pressure and temperature before entering the evaporator again to produce chilled water.
Each step is continuous, repeated and uninterrupted to produce cooling in a consistent manner.
The seawater cooling system enhances the cooling efficiency and saves energy by transferring heat energy to seawater. In contrast, traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems need to release heat into the atmosphere. Since outdoor temperatures are comparatively higher, air-cooled chiller unit requires larger compressors for rejecting heat, resulting in lower energy efficiency, and at the same time contributing to the urban heat island effect. On the other hand, water-cooled air conditioning systems consumes potable water resources as heat rejection medium.
Therefore, using seawater as heat rejection medium is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly for air conditioning systems.
The underground seawater pipeline network is used for conveying seawater to the chiller units where it absorbs heat generated from the production of chilled water, and is then discharged back into the sea.
Using seawater as a heat rejection medium is comparatively more energy-efficient. In comparison with traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems, building rooftop space is required for heat dissipation. With nearby source available, using seawater as a heat rejection medium can help to reduce the consumption of precious potable water resources, and also can mitigate heat island effect to the adjacent community.
The underground seawater pipeline network is used for conveying seawater to the chiller units where it absorbs heat generated from the production of chilled water, and is then discharged back into the sea.
Using seawater as a heat rejection medium is comparatively more energy-efficient. In comparison with traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems, building rooftop space is required for heat dissipation. With nearby source available, using seawater as a heat rejection medium can help to reduce the consumption of precious potable water resources, and also can mitigate heat island effect to the adjacent community.
The underground seawater pipeline network is used for conveying seawater to the chiller units where it absorbs heat generated from the production of chilled water, and is then discharged back into the sea.
Using seawater as a heat rejection medium is comparatively more energy-efficient. In comparison with traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems, building rooftop space is required for heat dissipation. With nearby source available, using seawater as a heat rejection medium can help to reduce the consumption of precious potable water resources, and also can mitigate heat island effect to the adjacent community.
The underground seawater pipeline network is used for conveying seawater to the chiller units where it absorbs heat generated from the production of chilled water, and is then discharged back into the sea.
Using seawater as a heat rejection medium is comparatively more energy-efficient. In comparison with traditional air-cooled air conditioning systems, building rooftop space is required for heat dissipation. With nearby source available, using seawater as a heat rejection medium can help to reduce the consumption of precious potable water resources, and also can mitigate heat island effect to the adjacent community.
This is a lifting shaft, about 25 meters high, 4 meters long, and 10 meters wide, which can accommodate the logistics of the largest component of the chiller unit from the ground floor to basement level two.
As the central chiller plant installation is carried out in stages, the remaining units of the project can be transported directly from the ground floor to basement level two through this lifting shaft. In addition, this lifting shaft also facilitates the replacement of large components during maintenance and repair in the future.
This is the control center of the District Cooling System at Kai Tak Development, where our professional team monitors and controls the entire system operation on a 24/7 basis. The monitor screen displays the operation status of the North Plant equipment, where green indicates the equipment in operation, yellow indicates the equipment on standby status, and red indicates the equipment that requires inspection or maintenance.